Table 1.
Eastern North American migratory monarch butterflies (D. plexippus) were reared in environmental chambers simulating autumn conditions until pupation, and then radio tracked during fall migration
| Wind speed | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Est. | Std. Error | t | p | logLik | μ | κ |
| −0.0005 | 0.0006 | 0.70 | 0.24 | 37.04 | 289.7 | 15.25 |
| Year of testing | ||||||
| DF | SS | MS | F | p | ||
| 1 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 15.18 | 0.0006 | ||
In a circular-linear model, maximum wind speed (km h−1) influenced direction of flight (degrees; P < 0.05). In a separate circular-ANOVA model, there was evidence that year also influenced the direction of flight (degrees; P < 0.05).