Table 3.

Mean differences in ADG, ADFI, and G:F between growing–finishing pigs (final body weight > 25 kg) fed diets without or with corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS) based on oil content of cDDGS sources (≥10% or <10%) and formulating diets on a ME or NE systems using a multivariable mixed model^a,b

	Oil content			Energy systemd			P value
Item	High (≥10 %)	Reduced (<10%)	SEc	ME	NE	SEc	Oil	Energy
No. studies	9	16		19	5
No. observations	34	53		66	21
ADG	–2.38**	–1.76**	0.63	–1.69**	–2.45**	1.07	0.33	0.49
ADFI	–2.96**	–0.29	0.79	–1.51	–1.72	1.92	<0.01	0.92
G:F	0.24	–1.56**	0.73	–1.14*	–0.19	1.22	0.02	0.45

^**Least square means differ from 0 (P < 0.05).

^*Least square means differ from 0 (P < 0.10).

^aThe least square means the value at dietary DDGS level = 25 % were presented in the table. Studies that reported nursery pig data (final BW < 25 kg) were not included in the mixed model because all of these publications used the ME system for formulating diets and used only reduced oil DDGS sources.

^bCovariance analysis indicated that every percentage unit increase in the inclusion level of cDDGS in growing–finishing pig diet was associated with a decrease (P < 0.01) in ADG (–0.10 %) and ADFI (–0.09 %), respectively.

^cStandard error.

^dStudies reported using either the metabolized energy (ME) or net energy (NE) system to formulate diets. A study by Li et al. (2012) used DE system for the diet formulation, thus excluded in the dataset.