Authors and year	Title	Study place	Population	Study design	Outcome
Aborode et al. [48]	Fighting COVID-19 at the expense of malaria in Africa: The Consequences and Policy Options	Sub-Saharan Africa	General population	Opinion paper	Supply chain disruptions; financial shortages; problems for HCWs; changed health-seeking behaviour; simplified modelling studies, real outcome could be worse
Aïkpon et al. [54]	Digitalized mass distribution campaign of ITNs in the particular context of Covid-19 pandemic in Benin: Challenges and lessons learned	Benin	General population	Country report	Benin: successful ITN and IRS campaigns, adapted to COVID-19 hygiene measures
Ajayi et al. [28]	Malaria and COVID-19: Commonalities, intersections and implications for sustaining malaria control	Africa	General population	Opinion paper	COVID-19 and malaria are both related to low socio-economic status; health system and diagnostical challenges; changed health seeking; lack of reliable data due to limited reporting
Amimo et al. [16]	What does the COVID-19 pandemic mean for HIV, tuberculosis and malaria control?	Africa	General population	Report	Clinical and socio-economic aspects; changed health-seeking behaviour
Amimo et al. [53]	The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV, tuberculosis and malaria control in Africa: A systematic review of modelling studies and population surveys	Africa	General population	Review	Malaria programme and antenatal clinic disruptions; antenatal care avoidance; increased costs for malaria services
Anjorin et al. [34]	Co-morbidities and the COVID-19 pandemic dynamics in Africa	Sub-Saharan Africa	General population	Review	Clinical aspects e.g., overlapping age groups, common symptoms; malaria health service disruptions
Ansumana et al. [25]	Effects of disruption from COVID-19 on anti-malarial strategies	Sub-Saharan Africa	General population	Opinion paper	Health system challenges; COVID-19 myths and misinformation affect malaria (reduced ITN usage, increased anti-malarial uptake)
Baral et al. [56]—pre-print	Competing health risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and response: A scoping review	General and Africa	General population	Review	73% disruptions among malaria programmes; 62% decrease of malaria diagnoses; delays in malaria surveillance
Bell and Hansen, [24]—pre-print	Relative burdens of the COVID-19, malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa	Sub-Saharan Africa	General population	Modelling study	Low direct COVID-19 impacts in SSA but high indirect impacts on other diseases such as malaria
Bell et al. [61]	Predicting the impact of COVID-19 and the potential impact of the Public Health Response on Disease Burden in Uganda	Uganda	General population	Modelling study	Reduction of malaria cases, admissions, deaths in Uganda
Beshir et al. [37]	Emergence of undetectable malaria parasites: A threat under the radar amid the COVID-19 pandemic?	General and Africa specific	General population	Opinion paper	Diagnostic challenges for malaria due to mutated parasites; clinical challenges and treatment problems
Brooke et al. [33]	Implementing malaria control in South Africa, Eswatini and southern Mozambique during the COVID-19 pandemic	South Africa, Eswatini, southern Mozambique	General population	Review	Disruptions of malaria programmes; diagnostic, health system and socio-economic challenges
Buonsenso et al. [80]	Child healthcare and immunizations in sub-Saharan Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic	Sierra Leone	Children under the age of 5 years	Country report	Reduction in malaria diagnoses (25–40%); no increases in malaria deaths
Buonsenso et al. [29]	Management of malaria in children under 5 years old during COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone: A lesson learned?	Sierra Leone	Children under 5 years	Country report	Changes in malaria diagnoses at health facilities in context of the lockdown; community education campaign in Sierra Leone; difficult data collection
Burt et al. [62]—pre-print	Indirect effects of COVID-19 on maternal, neonatal, child, sexual and reproductive health services in Kampala, Uganda	Uganda	Mothers and newborns	Country report	Greatest impacts from delayed health seeking, no public transport, HCWs disruptions; closures of health facilities for outpatients; decreased antenatal care impacts IPTp; visits for malaria in children decreased by 54%
Chanda-Kapata et al. [26]	COVID-19 and malaria: A symptom screening challenge for malaria-endemic countries	Africa	General population	Opinion paper	Health system disruptions; clinical aspects; importance of parallel testing; malaria commodities supply disruptions
Chasaya [65]	An update on malaria trends in Zambia (2019 to 2020); A descriptive study	Zambia	General population	Country report	Increased malaria testing and cases
Coker et al. [81]	Things must not fall apart: The ripple effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children in sub-Saharan Africa	Sub-Saharan Africa	Children aged 0 to 19 years	Review	Malaria elimination is threatened by COVID-19
Di Gennaro et al. [35]	Malaria and COVID-19: Common and different findings	General and SSA-specific	General population	Opinion paper	Changed health-seeking behaviour disproportionately affects children; health system challenges; clinical aspects, co-infections
Diongue and Diallo [82]	COVID-19 during malaria transmission season in Africa and why we should be prepared: An example from Senegal	Senegal	General population	Opinion paper	Changed health-seeking behaviour; clinical aspects; COVID-19 and malaria management challenges
Elliot Mbunge et al. [50]—pre-print	Impact of COVID-19 on malaria elimination: Juxtaposing indoor residual spraying and mobile phones in Buhera Rural District, Zimbabwe	Zimbabwe	General population	Country report	IRS delays in 2020; increase in malaria cases (2981 in 2020, 1376 in 2019); disruptions of health services; anti-malarial resistance problems; challenges for HCWs
Emmanuel Awucha et al. [52]	Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumers’ access to essential medicines in Nigeria	Nigeria	General population	Country report	Increase in alternative medicines uptake (10%) and prizes for anti-malarials; supply chain disruptions; 74% reported less income during the pandemic; LMICs strongly depend on importations
Gavi et al. [64]	Malaria incidence and mortality in Zimbabwe during the COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of routine surveillance data	Zimbabwe	General population	Country report	16% more malaria cases and 28% more malaria deaths than expected in 2020, probably following several malaria outbreaks
Guerra et al. [57]	Malaria vector control in sub-Saharan Africa in the time of COVID-19: No room for complacency	Sub-Saharan Africa	General population	Opinion paper	Clinical and diagnostical aspects; impacts on vector control measures; malaria campaign delays
Hategeka et al. [63]—pre-print	Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and response on the utilization of health services during the first wave in Kinshasa, the DRC	Democratic Republic of the Congo	General population	Country report	20–90% reductions in health facility visits for malaria, depending whether the areas had lockdown or not
Hussein et al. [36]	Malaria and COVID-19: Unmasking their ties	General and Africa specific	General population	Review	Hypothesis of causal link between antimalarials usage and low COVID-19 incidence; clinical aspects; challenges for malaria programmes
Inzaule et al. [83]	Genomic-informed pathogen surveillance in Africa: Opportunities and challenges	Africa	General population	Opinion paper	Benefits for malaria from genomics-based surveillance strategy for COVID-19
Kangbai et al. [47]	Re-reading ACT, BCG, and low COVID-19 in Africa	Africa	General population	Opinion paper	Hypothesis: low COVID-19 incidence due to anti-malarial usage and malaria antibodies
Kusotera and Nhengu, [27]	Coronavirus-19 and malaria: The great mimics	Zimbabwe	General population	Country report	Concerns of false positive SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs in malaria infected persons; increase in malaria cases in 2020 (44.7%); overlapping clinical aspects; health system challenges
Makanjuola et al. [84]	COVID-19 and malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: Holistic diagnostic approaches may promote effective clinical case management	Sub-Saharan Africa	General population	Review	Importance of parallel testing for SARS-CoV-2 and malaria; clinical and health system difficulties
Menelas and Sabin [71]—pre-print	Malaria or COVID-19? A case report highlighting a diagnostic challenge in Africa	Rwanda	40 years old woman	Case report	Difficult diagnosis of malaria-COVID-19 co-infection
Mvumbi [85]	Mass intake of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine in the present context of the Covid-19 outbreak: Possible consequences in endemic malaria settings	General and Africa	General population	Opinion paper	Antimalarials uptake for COVID-19 affect malaria and resistance development
Newby et al. [59]	Global health security requires endemic disease eradication	General and SSA	General population	Opinion paper	Over 90% of malaria campaigns undertaken in 2020; increase of health inequities; benefits of malaria eradication for COVID-19
Nghochuzie et al. [49]	Pausing the fight against malaria to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: Is the Future of Malaria Bleak?	sub-Saharan Africa	General population	Opinion paper	Anti-malarial resistance; RDTs supply shortages; increases of malaria cases and deaths in Zimbabwe and Cameroon; diagnostic challenges; changed health-seeking and effects on children
US President’s malaria initiative [86]	15 years of fighting malaria and saving lives, Annual Report to Congress, April 2021	Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia	General population	Report	Seasonal malaria chemoprevention for children in Sahel with minimal delays; community approach for malaria prevention; difficult health care access (nearly 50% of the participants)
Rahi et al. [79]	COVID-19 Mitigation steps provide a blueprint for malaria control and elimination	General and Africa	General population	Opinion paper	COVID-19 control lessons important for malaria management
Rogerson et al.[51]	Identifying and combating the impacts of COVID-19 on malaria	General and Africa specific	General population	Opinion paper	Treatment disruptions; socio-economic aspects; challenges for HCWs; malaria product disruptions; health system challenges, malaria surveillance problems
Rosenthal et al. [87]	COVID-19: Shining the light on Africa	Sub-Saharan Africa	General population	Opinion paper	Financial aspects; anti-malarial shortages
Sherrard-Smith et al. [23]	The potential public health consequences of COVID-19 on malaria in Africa	Sub-Saharan Africa	General population	Modelling study	Malaria deaths in 2020 could double; impact of ITN and anti-malarial disruptions; benefits of seasonal malaria chemoprevention, mass drug administration, presumptive malaria treatment
Shi et al. [55]	Accessing the syndemic of COVID-19 and malaria intervention in Africa	Sub-Saharan Africa (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zambia)	General population	Modelling study	Greatest impact on malaria health services if COVID-19 waves and main malaria season overlap
Steketee et al. [31]	World Malaria Day 2021: Commemorating 15 Years of contribution by the US President’s Malaria Initiative	General and Africa	General population	Opinion paper	Nearly all malaria campaigns undertaken despite the pandemic; disruptions of malaria testing, and treatment; excess malaria deaths could exceed COVID-19 deaths in some regions
The alliance for malaria prevention [58]	2020 Annual Report	General and Africa	General population	Report	74% of planned ITNs distributed
The Global Fund, 2021 [32]	The impact of COVID-19 on HIV, tuberculosis and malaria services and systems for health: A snapshot from 502 health facilities across Africa and Asia	Africa and Asia	General population	Report	Up to 115 million people in extreme poverty; fear of COVID-19 infection in health facilities as main reason for reduced outpatient visits; malaria diagnosis and treatment reduced by 17 and 15%, respectively; anti-malarials stock-outs (21% of all health facilities), lack of PPE (64%), deficits in COVID-19 testing capacities, lack of malaria treatments (40%); about 75% of malaria programmes reported disruptions; large financial resources needed
Velavan et al. [70]	COVID-19 and syndemic challenges in ‘Battling the Big Three’: HIV, TB and malaria	General and Africa	General population	Review	Increased malaria cases in many countries, suspended vector control activities
Wang et al. [69]	Preparedness is essential for malaria-endemic regions during the COVID-19 pandemic	Africa	General population	Opinion paper	Measures to reduce malaria support the COVID-19 response; health system challenges
Weiss et al. [21]	Indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria intervention coverage, morbidity, and mortality in Africa: A geospatial modelling analysis	Africa	General population	Modelling study	Anti-malarial disruptions with greater impact on malaria incidence and deaths than ITNs; great variability between countries
WHO [22]	The potential impact of health service disruptions on the burden of malaria: A modelling analysis for countries in sub-Saharan Africa	Sub-Saharan Africa	General population	Modelling study	Importance of ITNs; impacts on malaria burden following ITN and anti-malarials shortages; worst case scenario: 769,000 deaths (743,000 in SSA), 70% in children under 5 years
WHO [30]	Tailoring malaria interventions in the COVID-19 response	General and Africa	General population	Policy guideline	Mass drug administration or presumptive treatment of malaria; adaptation of malaria interventions
WHO [17]	World malaria report 2020: 20 years of global progress and challenges, Chapter 10	General and SSA specific	General population	Report and modelling study	Disruptions of malaria health services; delays of malaria programmes; changed health-seeking; adaptation of malaria programmes and guidelines; malaria product shortages; 100,000 additional deaths if 50% anti-malarials disruptions
Zawawi et al. [68]	The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on malaria elimination	General and Africa	General population	Review	COVID-19 challenges Africa’s weak health system; increase in malaria cases; indirect social effects, malaria outbreak in Zimbabwe during the lockdown; clinical challenges