TABLE 4.
COVID-19 candidate vaccines based on spike protein and its functional domains.
| Vaccine platform | Vaccine candidate | Institution | Stage of clinical trial |
| Non-replicating viral vector | ChAdOx1-S | University of Oxford/AstraZeneca | Phase 3 |
| Non-replicating viral vector | Adenovirus type 5 vector [Ad5-nCoV] | CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology | Phase 2 |
| RNA | LNP-encapsulated mRNA [mRNA 1273] | Moderna/NIAID | Phase 3 |
| Protein subunit | Full length recombinant SARS CoV-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with matrix M | Novavax | Phase 1/2 |
| RNA | 3 LNP-mRNAs [BNT162] | BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer | Phase 3 |
| DNA | DNA plasmid vaccine with electroporation [INO-4800] | Inovio Pharmaceuticals | Phase ½ |
| Protein Subunit | Recombinant RBD-dimer | Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences | Phase 2 |
| Non-replicating viral vector | Ad26COVS1 | Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies | Phase ½ |
| Protein subunit | RBD based | Kentucky Bioprocessing, Inc. | Phase ½ |
| Protein subunit | S protein (baculovirus production) | Sanofi Pasteur/GSK | Phase ½ |
| Protein subunit | Native like trimeric subunit spike protein vaccine (SCB-2019) | Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc./GSK/Dynavax | Phase 1 |
| Protein subunit | Recombinant spike protein with AdvaxTM adjuvant | Vaxine Pty Ltd./Medytox | Phase 1 |
| Protein subunit | Molecular clamp stabilized spike protein with MF59 adjuvant | University of Queensland/CSL/Seqirus | Phase 1 |
| Protein subunit | S-2P protein + CpG 1018 | Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation/NIAID/Dynavax | Phase 1 |
| Non-replicating viral vector | Replication defective simian adenovirus (GRAd) encoding S | ReiThera/LEUKOCARE/Univercells | Phase 1 |
| Protein subunit | RBD plus adjuvant | Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, Cuba | Phase 1 |
| Protein subunit | RBD (baculovirus production expressed in Sf9 cells) | West China Hospital, Sichuan University | Phase 1 |
| Non-replicating viral vector | Adeno-based (rAd26-S + rAd5-S) | Gamaleya Research Institute | Phase 1 |
| Replicating viral vector | Intranasal flu-based-RBD | Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy/Xiamen University | Phase 1 |
| DNA | DNA vaccine (GX-19) | Genexine Consortium | Phase 1 |
| RNA | mRNA | Curevac | Phase 1 |
| DNA | DNA plasmid vaccine + adjuvant | Osaka University/AnGes/Takara Bio | Phase 1 |
| RNA | mRNA | Arcturus/Duke-NUS | Phase ½ |
| Replicating viral vector | Measles-vector based | Institute Pasteur/Themis/University of Pittsburg CVR/Merck Sharp & Dohme | Phase 1 |
| RNA | LNP-nCoVsaRNA | Imperial College London | Phase 1 |
| RNA | mRNA | People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Academy of Military Sciences/Walvax Biotech | Phase 1 |
| DNA | DNA plasmid vaccine (ZyCov-D) | Cadila Healthcare Limited | Phase ½ |