FIGURE 2.

Protective role of HIF-1 pathway in neurodegeneration pathogenesis. Red arrows indicate negative effects and green lines and arrows mean positive effects. Aβ, amyloid beta; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; AKT, the serine-threonine protein kinase AKT; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; EPO, erythropoietin; GLUT-1/3, facultative glucose transporter 1 or 3; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 or mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; PD, Parkinson’s disease; ROX, reactive oxygen species; Tau, Tau protein; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.