Table 1.
The factors ultimately involved in this study
| Factor Category | Factor | Definition | Representative Studies |
|---|---|---|---|
| Website Stimuli | website security | The confidentiality of personal information, the security of online payment, an explanation of confidentiality policy, and reliability of the website. | Wells et al. (2011), Zou (2018) |
| website navigability | The order of the pages, the organization of the layout, and the consistency of the navigation protocols. | Wells et al. (2011), Lin and Lo et al. (2016) | |
| website visual appeal | The choice of various visual elements such as the fonts, graphics and so on to enhance the overall appearance of the website. | Wells et al. (2011), Liu et al. (2013) | |
| interactivity | The extent to which users can participate in modifying the form and content of the mediated environment in real-time. | Shen and Khalifa (2012), Vonkeman et al. (2017) | |
| ease of use | The extent of functional convenience. | Liu et al. (2013), Chen and Yao (2018) | |
| Marketing Stimuli | scarcity | The state that a product or a service is in short demand. | Wu et al. (2020), Akram, Hui, Khan, Yan, and Akram (2018b) |
| price | The amount of money paid for the products. | Park et al. (2012), Xu and Huang (2014) | |
| novelty | The degree to which consumers perceive that the item’s manifestation is two-way, controllable, and responsive to input. | Khare et al. (2010), Yu and Bastin (2010) | |
| promotion | A way to increase sales by giving a discount or offering an extra value or incentive for the product to persuade consumers into making the purchases. | Longdong and Pangemanan (2015), Lo et al. (2016) | |
| Affective Stimuli | arousal | The degree to which an atmosphere can influence stimulation. | Mattila and Wirtz (2008), Lin and Lo et al. (2016) |
| pleasure | The hedonic valence of the affective response to a stimulus and the degree to which a person feels happy and joyful when subject to a stimulus | Mattila and Wirtz (2008), Shen and Khalifa (2012) | |
| positive emotion | The extent to which a person feels enthusiastic excited and inspired | Lu (2013), Suhud and Herstanti (2017) | |
| negative emotion | The extent to which a person feels distressed irritated, and disturbed. | Park (2005), Lu (2013) |
It is worth noting that these 13 factors were processed. First, some original research factors were divided into more specific ones. For example, the original website design and website quality factors were not included in this meta-analysis. Instead, they were subdivided into website navigability, website visual appeal, and other website-related factors. Second, factors that share similar meanings were merged. See Appendix 1 (Table 6) for the original 26 factors.