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. 2021 Jun 8;70(9):1782–1794. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323888

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Mechanisms of HDV-specific CD8+ T cell failure. HDV-specific CD8+ T cells targeting viral epitopes with wild-type sequence display a chronically activated phenotype and are functionally partially exhausted (left), HDV-specific CD8+ T cells targeting viral epitopes with sequence variations (viral escape) do not recognise the antigen anymore and display a memory-like phenotype (right). HDV, hepatitis D virus.