Table 4.
Final models of three separate multilevel modeling predicting psychological distress, wellbeing, and perceived physical health during the COVID-19 crisis.
| Psychological distress | PERMA wellbeing | Perceived physical health | |
|---|---|---|---|
| B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | |
| Individual- level variables | |||
| Age | - .05 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | - .01 (.01) | - .04 (.01)⁎⁎ |
| Gender (female) |
.17 (.02)⁎⁎⁎ | - .06 (.02)⁎⁎ | - .12 (.02)⁎⁎⁎ |
| Marital status (reference: married) | |||
| Single | - .02 (.02) | - .11 (.02)⁎⁎⁎ | .05 (.02) * |
| In a relationship (noncohabiting) | .08 (.03)⁎⁎ | .02 (. 03) | .08 (.03)* |
| Education level (reference: student) | |||
| Secondary | - .03 (.03) | - .09 (.03) ⁎⁎ | - .12 (.04) ⁎⁎ |
| University | - .12 (.03)⁎⁎⁎ | - .01 (.02) | .04 (.03) |
| Economic status | .01 (.01) | - .03 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | - .03 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ |
| Town size | .00 (.01) | - .01 (.01) | .00 (.01) |
| Household size | .02 (.01)⁎⁎ | - .02 (.01)⁎⁎ | - .01 (.01) |
| Days at home | .00 (.01) | .01 (.01) | .00 (.01) |
| Meaning-centered coping | - .20 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | .58 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | .38 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ |
| Self-distraction | .07 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | - .01 (.01) | - .01 (.01) |
| Active coping | - .08 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | .09 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | .06 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ |
| Denial | .09 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | - .04 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | - .02 (.01) |
| Substance use | .09 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | - .04 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | - .02 (.01) |
| Emotional support | .09 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | .04 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | .02 (.01) |
| Instrumental support | - .02 (.01) | .05 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | - .01 (.01) |
| Behavioral disengagement | .13 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | - .06 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | - .02 (.01) |
| Venting | .17 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | - .03 (.01)⁎⁎ | - .06 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ |
| Positive reframing | .02 (.01) | - .02 (.01) | .00 (.01) |
| Planning | .09 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | .00 (.01) | - .02 (.01) |
| Humor | - .05 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | .03 (.01)⁎⁎ | .00 (.01) |
| Self-blame | .21 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | - .11 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | - .12 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ |
| Acceptance | - .06 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | .00 (.01) | .01 (.01) |
| Religion | .02 (.01)* | - .01 (.01) | .02 (.01) |
| Loneliness | .19 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | - .11 (.01)⁎⁎⁎ | - .03 (.01)⁎⁎ |
| Country-level variables | |||
| World region | .00 (.08) | - .01 (.05) | - .06 (.05) |
| GDP | .04 (.15) | - .05 (.10) | .01 (.11) |
| Severity index | - .06 (.11) | .10 (.07) | .05 (.08) |
| Power distance | .00 (.08) | .02 (.05) | .03 (.06) |
| Individualism | .15 (.12) | - .02 (.08) | - .01 (.08) |
| Masculinity | - .01 (.08) | .01 (.05) | .06 (.05) |
| Uncertainty avoidance | - .03 (.08) | .09 (.05) | .10 (.05) |
| Long-term orientation | - .14 (.06)* | .05 (.03) | .04 (.04) |
| Indulgence | - .20 (.08)* | .13 (.05)⁎⁎⁎ | .15 (.06)⁎⁎ |
| Covariance parameters | |||
| Residual variance | .60⁎⁎⁎ | .49⁎⁎⁎ | .80⁎⁎⁎ |
| Intercept variance | .08⁎⁎ | .03⁎⁎ | .03⁎⁎ |
| -2 log likelihood | 19863.803 | 18182.373 | 222212.962 |
| χ² (df) difference with null model (ML) | 11692.120 (35)⁎⁎⁎ | 13230.139 (35)⁎⁎⁎ | 9383.603 (35)⁎⁎⁎ |
⁎
p < .05;
⁎⁎
p < .01;
⁎⁎⁎
p < .001.