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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in various renal cells in diabetic nephropathy (DN). ER stress participates in the development and pathogenesis of DN. When the ER is stressed, for example, by misfolded proteins or impaired Ca2+ homeostasis, the UPR, EOR, or SREBP is initiated. ER stress is mainly located in podocytes, glomerular endothelial cells, mesangial cells, and renal tubular epithelial cells in DN.
