Table 3.

Patient characteristics and their prevalence of frailty by the FRAIL scale and the clinical frailty scale.

	N	Prevalence of frailty		Ratio of prevalence	p
		FRAIL scale, n (%)	Clinical frailty scale, n (%)
Age
≤70	47	6 (12.8%)	2 (4.3%)	0.102	0.219
>70	48	11 (22.9%)	19 (39.6%)	1.729	0.039
Gender
Female	45	8 (17.8%)	10 (22.2%)	1.247	0.754
Male	50	9 (18.0%)	11 (22.0%)	1.222	0.727
Ethnicity
Malay	34	1 (2.9%)	5 (14.7%)	5.069	0.125
Chinese	42	9 (21.4%)	12 (28.6%)	1.336	0.508
Indian	19	7 (36.8%)	4 (21.1%)	0.573	0.375
Educational level
Never attended school/primary school	52	12 (23.1%)	14 (26.9%)	1.165	0.774
Secondary school/tertiary education	43	5 (11.6%)	7 (16.3%)	1.405	0.687
Comorbidities
Hypertension	80	17 (21.3%)	19 (23.8%)	1.117	0.804
Diabetes mellitus	53	15 (28.3%)	16 (30.2%)	1.067	>0.999
Ischaemic heart disease	48	15 (31.3%)	8 (16.7%)	0.534	0.016
Chronic kidney disease	33	10 (30.3%)	9 (27.3%)	0.901	>0.999
Arthritis	30	7 (23.3%)	10 (26.7%)	1.145	>0.999
Congestive cardiac failure	23	10 (43.5%)	8 (34.8%)	0.800	0.687
Stroke	19	5 (26.3%)	9 (47.4%)	1.802	0.125
Other geriatric syndromes and psychosocial issues
IADLa dependent	55	14 (25.5%)	20 (24.4%)	0.957	0.180
Visual impairment	32	8 (25.0%)	12 (37.5%)	1.500	0.334
Hearing impairment	21	4 (19.0%)	9 (42.9%)	2.258	0.125
Polypharmacy	77	17 (22.1%)	18 (23.4%)	1.059	>0.999
Urinary incontinence	13	4 (30.8%)	6 (46.2%)	1.500	0.625
Fall ≥1 for the previous year	19	4 (21.1%)	6 (31.6%)	1.497	0.625
Admission ≥1 for the previous year	21	8 (38.1%)	7 (33.3%)	0.874	>0.999
Low mood	29	7 (24.1%)	11 (37.9%)	1.573	0.388
Poor social support	5	2 (40.0%)	1 (20.0%)	0.500	>0.999

^aInstrumental activities of daily living.