Table 4.
Complications after RFA for hepatic hemangiomas of 291 patients.
| Complications | Glavien Grade | Size of tumor | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 - 9.9 cm (n = 253) | ≥10 cm (n = 38) | |||
| Perioperative complications | ||||
| Technology-related, N (%) (Time) | 13 (5.14%) (2009 - 2015) | 5 (13.16%) (2010 - 2012) | 0.121 | |
| 1. Bleeding at the electrode entry site | III | 3 (1.19%) (2009 - 2012) | 1 (2.63%) (2011) | 0.430 |
| 2. Rupture of hepatic hemangioma | III | 2 (0.79%) (2011 - 2012) | 1 (2.63%) (2010) | 0.344 |
| 3. Damage of adjacent organs | ||||
| Lung injury | I | 4 (1.58%) (2011 - 2015) | 1 (2.63%) (2012) | 0.506 |
| Diaphragmatic injury | II - III | 3 (1.19%) (2010 - 2015) | 1 (2.63%) (2011) | 0.430 |
| Esophageal injury | II | 0 | 1 (2.63%) (2010) | 0.272 |
| Symptomatic pleural effusion | III | 1 (0.40%) (2011) | 0 | 1.000 |
| Hemolysis-related, N (%) (Time) | 211 (83.40%) (2009 - 2019) | 38 (100%) (2009 - 2019) | 0.007 | |
| 1. Hemoglobinuria | I | 211 (83.40%) (2009 - 2019) | 38 (100%) (2009 - 2019) | 0.007 |
| 2. Anemiaa | I | 26 (10.28%) (2009 - 2019) | 14 (36.84%) (2009 - 2019) | <0.001 |
| 3. AKI | II - III | 0 | 3 (7.89%) (2011 - 2018) | 0.002 |
| SIR syndrome-related, N (%) (Time) | 86 (33.99%) (2009 - 2019) | 33 (86.84%) (2009 - 2019) | <0.001 | |
| 1. SIR syndrome | I | 86 (33.99%) (2009 - 2019) | 33 (86.84%) (2009 - 2019) | <0.001 |
| 2. Organ dysfunction | ||||
| Myocardial dysfunction | II | 0 | 1 (2.63%) (2019) | 0.272 |
| ARDS | IV | 0 | 1 (2.63%) (2012) | 0.272 |
| Others, N (%) (Time) | ||||
| 1. Postprocedural pain | I | 15 (5.93%) (2009 - 2019) | 7 (18.42%) (2011 - 2019) | 0.017 |
| 2. Transient hepatic injuryb | I | 37 (14.62%) (2009 - 2019) | 12 (31.58%) (2010 - 2019) | 0.009 |
| 3. Asymptomatic pleural effusion | I | 12 (4.74%) (2009 - 2019) | 6 (15.79%) (2010 - 2018) | 0.023 |
| 4. Skin burn | I | 1 (0.40%) (2009) | 2 (5.26%) (2009 - 2010) | 0.046 |
| Delayed complications, N (%) (Time) | ||||
| 1. Liver abscess | 0 | 0 | – | |
| 2. Biliary damages | 0 | 0 | – | |
| 3. Tumor progression | 0 | 0 | – | |
AKI, acute kidney injury; SIR, systemic inflammatory response; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome.
aHemoglobin < 100 g/L and hemoglobin was normal before surgery.
bGlutamate pyruvate transaminase > 80 U/L.