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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Youth Soc. 2019 Aug 11;53(4):676–694. doi: 10.1177/0044118x19862450

Table 2:

Relative Risk Ratios from the Multinomial Regression of Age-Based Trajectories of Number of Cigarettes per Day on Parent and Peer Smoking Behaviors

Ref=Non-Smokers
Late Peak Early Peak High

1. No Controls
Ref=Neither Parents Nor Peers Smoke
 Parents Smokes/Peers Do Not Smoke 1.848 *** 1.743 *** 2.349 ***
 Parents Does Not Smoke/Peers Smoke 2.058 *** 3.818 *** 5.760 ***
 Both Parents and Peers Smoke 3.084 *** 5.625 *** 12.420 ***
2. Sociodemographic Controls
Ref=Neither Parents Nor Peers Smoke
 Parents Smokes/Peers Do Not Smoke 1.756 *** 1.709 *** 1.862 ***
 Parents Does Not Smoke/Peers Smoke 1.952 *** 3.943 *** 5.112 ***
 Both Parents and Peers Smoke 2.871 *** 5.573 *** 9.056 ***
3. Sociodemographic Controls and Parent-Child Relations
Ref=Neither Parents Nor Peers Smoke
 Parents Smokes/Peers Do Not Smoke 1.827 *** 1.706 *** 1.978 ***
 Parents Does Not Smoke/Peers Smoke 1.877 *** 3.662 *** 4.500 ***
 Both Parents and Peers Smoke 2.931 *** 5.161 *** 8.832 ***
4. Sociodemographic Controls, Parent-Child Relations, and Availability of Cigarettes
Ref=Neither Parents Nor Peers Smoke
 Parents Smokes/Peers Do Not Smoke 1.807 *** 1.540 ** 1.435 *
 Parents Does Not Smoke/Peers Smoke 1.878 *** 3.627 *** 4.333 ***
 Both Parents and Peers Smoke 2.891 *** 4.551 *** 6.024 ***

n=10,166

***

P<0.001

**

P<0.01

*

p<0.05

+

p<0.10