. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Marriage Fam. 2020 Mar 9;82(5):1587–1605. doi: 10.1111/jomf.12676

Table 4.

Father Involvement among Children with Nonresidential Fathers (n = 1,368)

	(1) Internalizing behaviors	(2) Externalizing behaviors

Model 1: Hour spent (ref=no hour at both waves)
No hour at 1 wave & some hour at other	−0.07 (0.07)	−0.00 (0.07)
At least some hour at both waves	−0.14⁺ (0.07)	−0.22^** (0.07)
Model 2: Close to biological father (Age 9), ref=not extremely close
Extremely close	−0.03 (0.07)	−0.09 (0.07)
Not asked (did not see father)	0.01 (0.07)	0.01 (0.08)
Model 3: Youth-reported activity scale, std (Age 9)	−0.04 (0.03)	−0.06⁺ (0.03)
Model 4: Mother-reported father engagement, std (Ages 5 and 9)	−0.09^* (0.04)	−0.10^* (0.05)

Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Models control for baseline and Year 3 variables and child’s age at Year 15.

^***

p < .001.

^**

p < .01.

p < .05.

⁺

p < .10.