Table 5.
Father Involvement Stratified by Child’s Sex
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||
| Males (n = 1,436) | Females (n = 1,368) | |||
|
|
||||
| Internalizing behaviors | Externalizing behaviors | Internalizing behaviors | Externalizing behaviors | |
|
| ||||
| Model 1: Mother and biological father relationship in middle childhood (ref=did not live together) | ||||
| Lived together at one wave | −0.13 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.10) | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.09 (0.09) |
| Lived together at two waves | −0.09 (0.07) | −0.11 (0.08) | −0.03 (0.07) | −0.06 (0.07) |
| Model 2: Hour spent (ref=no hour at both waves) | ||||
| Never at one wave and some at one wave | −0.12 (0.09) | −0.06 (0.10) | 0.06 (0.10) | 0.03 (0.10) |
| Some hour at both waves | −0.17+ (0.09) | −0.19* (0.10) | −0.08 (0.09) | −0.10 (0.09) |
| Daily at both waves | −0.20* (0.10) | −0.23* (0.10) | −0.16 (0.10) | −0.13 (0.10) |
| Model 3: Close to biological father (Age 9), ref=not extremely close | ||||
| Extremely close | −0.06 (0.06) | −0.12* (0.06) | −0.09 (0.07) | −0.06 (0.06) |
| Not asked (did not see father) | −0.04 (0.08) | −0.01 (0.10) | 0.01 (0.10) | 0.05 (0.09) |
| Model 4: Youth-reported activity scale, std (Age 9) | −0.02 (0.03) | −0.06+ (0.03) | −0.09** (0.03) | −0.08** (0.03) |
| Model 5: Mother-reported father engagement, std (Ages 5 and 9) | −0.11*** (0.03) | −0.12*** (0.03) | −0.10** (0.03) | −0.04 (0.03) |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Models control for baseline and Year 3 variables and child’s age at Year 15.
***
p < .001.
**
p < .01.
*
p < .05.
+
p < .10.