| Random sequence generation (selection bias) |
High risk |
The original study design is a controlled before and after trial without randomization. |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) |
High risk |
The original study design is a controlled before and after trial without allocation concealment |
| Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) |
High risk |
Blinding of participants and personnel was not possible due to the nature of the intervention and study design |
| Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) |
Unclear risk |
No description of blinding of outcome assessment was provided |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) |
Unclear risk |
No description of incomplete outcome data was provided, |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) |
Low risk |
No evidence of selective outcome reporting was detected |
| Other bias |
Low risk |
No other potential biases were detected. |