Table 3.

Subgroup analyses: Effect sizes, confidence intervals, number of studies, effect sizes, and heterogeneity measures by intervention component

Component	Avg. ES	95% CI lower bound	95% CI upper bound	K	n	N	Adj. dfs	τ 2	I 2	Q
CAI	0.151	0.086	0.217	28	171	29,910	19.6	0.014	31.5	39.4
Coaching	0.200	0.084	0.316	21	82	24,945	16.6	0.045	75.3	81.1
Incentives	0.328	0.184	0.472	19	78	30,812	16.5	0.068	67.2	54.9
Medium‐group	0.320	0.054	0.587	18	62	13,684	16.2	0.169	86.8	129.2
Other method	0.116	0.006	0.225	8	14	47,511	6.0	0.064	85.7	48.9
Peer‐assisted	0.444	0.276	0.613	32	97	8725	29.6	0.168	74.9	123.4
Progress mon.	0.173	0.071	0.274	19	102	23,164	11.7	0.021	44.6	32.5
Small‐group	0.376	0.314	0.438	118	756	89,295	107.4	0.088	75.3	472.9
Comprehension	0.238	0.179	0.297	73	538	69,469	58.8	0.041	62.3	191.2
Decoding	0.290	0.228	0.352	92	673	74,627	79.8	0.061	66.5	271.6
Fluency	0.258	0.186	0.329	56	432	56,055	47.3	0.053	65.9	161.3
Multiple reading	0.272	0.211	0.333	103	685	138,453	87.5	0.057	77.1	444.9
Spelling/writing	0.317	0.220	0.413	42	276	29,953	35.5	0.062	70.1	137.2
Vocabulary	0.200	0.143	0.258	55	325	52,181	42.5	0.029	58.2	129.3
Algebra	0.148	0.007	0.289	13	46	12,495	8.8	0.024	47.1	22.7
Fractions	0.501	0.146	0.857	6	22	4260	4.8	0.181	86.6	37.2
Geometry	0.169	0.092	0.246	10	53	11,112	6.6	0.028	52.6	19.0
Multiple math	0.281	0.203	0.358	48	149	87,328	41.6	0.061	79.4	227.9
Number sense	0.324	0.234	0.414	30	96	22,335	27.0	0.058	72.1	103.8
Operations	0.292	0.215	0.370	31	112	23,740	26.4	0.041	61.4	77.7
Problem solving	0.328	0.176	0.480	17	56	7399	14.3	0.057	58.5	38.5
Gen. academic	0.213	0.050	0.375	11	37	23,713	8.7	0.053	77.3	44.1
Meta‐cognitive	0.242	0.153	0.331	31	87	24,746	25.0	0.044	73.9	114.7
Social‐emotional	0.241	‐0.135	0.618	13	35	9186	11.6	0.216	87.3	94.3

Note: The number of studies contributing to the average effect size is denoted k, the number of effect sizes is denoted n, and the number of student observations is denoted N. N is calculated by taking the sample size for each effect size included in an estimation, which is equal to the number of students in the intervention and control group for which the effect size is calculated, and summing the sample sizes over effect sizes.

Abbreviations: CAI, computer‐assisted instruction; CI, confidence interval; ES, effect sizes.