Methods	A randomized double‐blind controlled trial conducted in South Africa in community settings
Participants	Inclusion criteria: "healthy", full term (37–42 weeks), born to HIV + formula feeding mothers, ≤3 days old, 2500–4500 g, singleton birth
	Exclusion criteria: Congenital illness or malformation affecting growth; significant perinatal disease, antibiotics in 1st 3 days of life, caregivers could not comply, or in another trial
Interventions	Intervention: Probiotics: Formula containing prebiotic (bovine milk‐derived oligosaccharides) and probiotic ((B. lactis strain CNCM‐I‐3446 with 1 × 107 cfu/g. of powder formula). The duration of intervention was 6 months
	Comparison: Formula without prebiotic and probiotic
Outcomes	All‐cause mortality
Notes	The data was taken from the last paragraph of the result section. We note that the intervention group received both prebiotics and probiotics and the control group did not receive any prebiotics or probiotics. Some of the study participants were HIV positive