Agrisilvicultural (crops and trees) |
Improved or rotational fallow |
Land resting system using trees and shrubs to replenish soil fertility, sometimes in rotation with crops as in traditional shifting cultivation |
Multipurpose trees on parklands or lots (mixed trees and crops) |
Scattered trees in parklands (landscapes derived from agricultural activities) or other land area or in systematic patterns on bunds, terraces, or plot/field boundaries |
Mixture of plantation crops |
Combination of plantation crops in an intercropping system in alternate arrangement, including use of shade trees for cash crops |
Tree gardens |
Cultivation of a mixture of several fruit and other useful trees, sometimes with the inclusion of annual crops. This arrangement is sometimes referred to as homegardens |
Alley cropping |
Planting rows of trees with a companion crop grown in the alleyways between the rows |
Shelterbelts |
Extended windbreak of living trees and shrubs established and maintained to protect farmlands (beyond a single farm) |
Silvopastoral (pasture/animals and trees) |
Multipurpose fodder trees or shrubs around farmlands (protein bank) |
Production of protein‐rich tree fodder on farm/rangelands |
Living fences and shelterbelts |
Trees as fences around plots and/or an extended windbreak of living trees and shrubs established and maintained to protect farmlands and provide fodder |
Integrated production of animal/dairy and wood products |
Production of animal/dairy and wood products within the same land area |
Trees/shrubs on pasture |
Trees scattered irregularly or arranged according to some systematic pattern |
Agrosilvopastoral (crops, pasture/animals, and trees) |
Integrated production of animals (meat and dairy), crops, and wood/fuelwood |
Production of crops, animal/dairy, and wood products within the same land area, including around homesteads |
Woody hedgerows for browse, green manure, soil conservation |
Multipurpose woody hedgerows for browse, mulch, green manure, soil conservation, and so forth |
Wooded pasture products |
Land covered with grasses and other herbaceous species, and with woody species |
Agroforestry including insects/fish |
Entomoforestry |
The combination of trees and insects (e.g., bees for honey and trees) |
Aqua‐silvo‐fishery |
Trees lining fish ponds, tree leaves being used as “forage” for fish |