| Power within |
A person's or group's sense of self‐worth, self‐awareness, self‐knowledge, and aspirations, which are also associated with agency and shaped by social norms and gendered relations |
Increased self‐efficacy, self‐worth and self‐confidence, ability to claim one's right to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene
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| Shifted perceptions towards gender and social equality, for example, men actively support women in decision‐making and leadership |
| Power to |
Ability to make decisions, act and to realize one's aspirations. It is directly related to the agency dimension of empowerment and is frequently measured in terms of individual skills, capacities |
Balanced participation in WASH decision‐making in the household and community More equal sharing of unpaid work within the household and community Acquiring technical and managerial skills related to WASH services
|
| Engagement of under‐represented groups in design processes and WASH trainings |
| Power over |
Control over resources (e.g., financial, physical, personal networks and people) |
Under‐represented groups obtain leadership positions in the WASH sector (e.g., utilities, local government) Economic empowerment through access to financial resources (e.g., cooperative memberships, loans, subsidies) and business opportunities for WASH services Greater access to formal and informal networks that support WASH‐related activities. Opportunities to voice expectations and influence decision‐making within the WASH sector (e.g., citizen accountability to local and national government)
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| Power with |
Involves collaborative and collective power with others through mutual support |
Community organisations that support women and marginalised groups in decision‐making, leadership and income generation related to WASH‐activities Informal social structures and networks that promote collective agency Development of cross‐sectoral (beyond WASH) initiatives and structures that focus on transformative GSE outcomes
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