Table 7.
GRADE Evidence profile
| Quality assessment | GRADE result | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effects of PES on | No. of studies (design) | Limitations | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Pooled effect | Quality |
| Socioeconomic outcomes | |||||||
| Socioeconomic outcomes combined | 14 (2 RCTs) | Very serious risk of bias | Serious inconsistency | Very serious indirectness | Serious imprecision | 0.15 [0.03, 0.27] | ⊕○○○ Very low |
| Total household income | 8 (0 RCTs) | Very serious risk of bias | No serious inconsistency | Very serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | SMD 0.25 [0.09, 0.41] | ⊕⊕○○ Low |
| Household income from nonagricultural sources | 7 (0 RCTs) | Very serious risk of bias | Serious inconsistency | Serious indirectness | Serious imprecision | SMD 0.05 [−0.03, 0.13] | ⊕○○○ Very low |
| Agricultural income | 7 (1 RCTs) | Serious risk of bias | Very serious inconsistency | Very serious indirectness | Serious imprecision | SMD 0.11 [−0.06, 0.29] | ⊕○○○ Very low |
| Asset indexes | 3 (1 RCTs) | No serious risk of bias | No serious inconsistency | No serious indirectness | Very serious imprecision | SMD 0.02 [−0.13, 0.17] | ⊕○○○ Very low |
| Environmental outcomes | |||||||
| Environmental outcomes combined | 11 (1 RCT) | Very serious risk of bias | No serious inconsistency | No serious indirectness | Serious imprecision | SMD 0.21 [0.09, 0,33] | ⊕⊕○○ Low |
| Forest cover | 5 (1 RCTs) | No serious risk of bias | Serious inconsistency | No serious indirectness | Serious imprecision | SMD 0.32 [0.10, 0.55] | ⊕⊕○○ Low |
| Deforestation | 6 (0 RCTs) | Very serious risk of bias | No serious inconsistency | No serious indirectness | Serious imprecision | SMD −0.12 [−0.19, −0.05] | ⊕⊕○○ Low |
Abbreviations: PES, payment for environmental service; SMD, standardised mean difference.