Table 3.
Concentrations of biomarkers.
| SBI classification | PERFORM classification | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBI | Non-SBI | Definite bacterial | Probable bacterial | Bacterial Syndrome | Unknown | Viral syndrome | Probable viral | Definite viral | Spearman ρ | ||
| Alder Hey ED cohort, n=1,161 | |||||||||||
| NGAL (ng/mL) | 78.1 | 102.5 | 70.2 | 140.0 | 105.9 | 83.6 | 77.2 | 99.0 | 63.4 | 75.4 | −0.18* |
| (52.5–121.1) | (66.2–159.5) | (49.6–102.2) | (82.1 −228.8) | (80.7–160.0) | (57.9–123.4) | (63.1–101.8) | (68.1–148.8) | (43.8–93.8) | (53.3–101.9) | ||
| N = 1,120 | N = 322 | N = 798 | N = 78 | N = 169 | N = 107 | N = 33 | N = 46 | N = 559 | N = 88 | ||
| Resistin (ng/L) | 40.3 | 59.4 | 35.7 | 67.8 | 59.8 | 45.1 | 27.0 | 40.6 | 33.9 | 35.6 | −0.10* |
| (21.5–73.7) | (29.7–104.4) | (19.3–63.8) | (34.8–124.1) | (33.6–105.0) | (28.1–87.7) | (16.7–52.9) | (18.8–73.7) | (18.6–61.9) | (17.6–63.0) | ||
| N = 1,119 | N = 321 | N = 798 | N = 78 | N = 168 | N = 107 | N = 33 | N = 46 | N = 559 | N = 88 | ||
| PCT (μg/L) | 0.23 | 0.47 | 0.18 | 2.40 | 1.08 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.65 | 0.15 | 0.21 | −0.18* |
| (0.10–0.80) | (0.13–3.13) | (0.09–0.53) | (0.26–10.95) | (0.28–3.00) | (0.09–0.52) | (0.10–0.52) | (0.33–1.40) | (0.08–0.38) | (0.13–0.54) | ||
| N = 1,107 | N = 320 | N = 787 | N = 79 | N = 167 | N = 106 | N = 31 | N = 46 | N = 551 | N = 86 | ||
| Alder Hey PICU cohort, n=352∧ | |||||||||||
| NGAL (ng/mL) | 116.0 | 167.1 | 110.3 | 170.1 | 126.1 | 102.8 | 125.3 | 93.2 | – | 72.1 | −0.27* |
| (70.5–198.5) | (82.4–302.1) | (68.5–175·6) | (91.7–291.5) | (97.2–229.1) | (71.8–189.9) | (71.2–227.1) | (42.7–157.0) | (51.3–116.7) | |||
| N = 182 | N = 42 | N = 142 | N = 25 | N = 34 | N = 36 | N = 49 | N = 4 | N = 1 | N = 48 | ||
| Resistin (ng/L) | 54.4 | 58.2 | 50.3 | 57.1 | 73.8 | 45.6 | 46.3 | 80.7 | – | 37.3 | −0.22* |
| (29.1–97.8) | (31.8–158.9) | (28.2–87.6) | (26.1–169.3) | (48.5–155.4) | (31.1–87.4) | (31.6–73.6) | (50.5–110.2) | (13.4–67.1) | |||
| N = 184 | N = 43 | N = 141 | N = 28 | N = 35 | N = 38 | N = 46 | N = 4 | N = 0 | N = 33 | ||
| PCT (μg/L) | 0.64 | 4.40 | 0·41 | 12.95 | 1.00 | 0.28 | 0.43 | 8.2 | – | 0.38 | −0.23* |
| (0.10–5.58) | (0.29–49.05) | (0.09–2.33) | (1.07–98.0) | (0.18–8.30) | (0.08–2.41) | (0.09–2.55) | (8.1–23.3) | (0.11–0.83) | |||
| N = 346 | N = 82 | N = 264 | N = 48 | N = 73 | N = 79 | N = 92 | N = 5 | N = 1 | N = 48 | ||
| Erasmus ED cohort, n=710 | |||||||||||
| PCT (μg/L) | 0.18 | 0.64 | 0.16 | 0.64 | 1.49 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.52 | 0.14 | 0.15 | −0.34* |
| (0.10–0.54) | (0.24–3.46) | (0.09–0.40) | (0.24–3.02) | (0.54–6.19) | (0.11–0.67) | (0.08–0.24) | (0.21–1.92) | (0.09–0.29) | (0.09–0.35) | ||
| N = 710 | N = 103 | N = 607 | N = 34 | N = 52 | N = 61 | N = 25 | N = 43 | N = 442 | N = 53 | ||
| Maasstad ED cohort, n=386 | |||||||||||
| PCT (μg/L) | 0.21 | 1.03 | 0.17 | 1.36 | 1.76 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.43 | 0.16 | 0.18 | −0.27* |
| (0.10–0.67) | (0.28–2.61) | (0.09–0.42) | (0.33–2.38) | (0.35–4.96) | (0.07–0.42) | (0.05–0.30) | (0.21–1.53) | (0.09 0.35) | (0.10–0.60) | ||
| N = 386 | N = 68 | N = 318 | N = 30 | N = 30 | N = 35 | N = 14 | N = 28 | N = 215 | N = 34 | ||
| St. Mary's hospital cohort, n=200∧ | |||||||||||
| NGAL (ng/mL) | 132.1 | 234.8 | 93.7 | 285.2 | 187.3 | – | 144.0 | – | – | 97.9 | −0.53* |
| (76.6–248.9) | (142.4–391.2) | (62.1–144.9) | (235.3–639.8) | (118.4–308.3) | (89.7–209.3) | (62.7–161.2) | |||||
| N = 200 | N = 87 | N = 113 | N = 38 | N = 38 | n/a | N = 32 | n/a | n/a | N = 43 | ||
All concentrations in median and interquartile range (IQR); median (IQR) not shown for the “Other” category. ∧The Alder Hey PICU cohort only had minimal cases of “probable viral” or “viral syndrome”; The St. Mary's hospital cohort had no cases coded as “bacterial syndrome,” “viral syndrome” or “probable viral.”
*
Spearman ρ p-value < 0.05 for correlation of the full spectrum of the PERFORM classification.
ED, emergency department; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; PCT, procalcitonin; PICU, pediatric intensive care unit; SBI, serious bacterial infection.