Table 1. A list of song-level audio features obtained from Spotify for our analyses.

Audio feature	Description
Duration	The duration of the music in milliseconds (ms).
Mode	If the melody of a track is in a major or minor key.
Acousticness	A confidence measure on whether a song is acoustic.
Danceability	The suitability of a song for dancing. This is based on several musical features, such as tempo, rhythmic stability, regularity, and beat strength.
Energy	A measure of the intensity and activity of a song as perceptually lound, fast, or noisy. This is based on several musical and spectral features, such as dynamic range, loudness, timbre, onset rate, and entropy.
Instrumentalness	A confidence measure of whether a song contains no vocals.
Liveness	A confidence measure on the presence of audiences in the recording.
Loudness	The overall intensity of the song in decibels (dBFS).
Speechiness	A confidence measure on the presence of spoken words in a song.
Valence	An estimate of whether a song conveys positive or negative affect.
Tempo	The estimated main tempo of a song.

Note:

Audio features refer to the music features as listed on the Spotify API, followed by a brief description of each feature. More information on the features are available at: https://developer.spotify.com/documentation/web-api/reference/tracks/get-audio-features/.