Table 1.

Environmental covariates used in the resource selection function models to predict female elk habitat use, Montana, USA, 2014–2017.

Variable	Description	Sources
Wolf	Density of wolf kills (per 30m pixel)	Laundré et al. (2001), Hebblewhite et al. (2005), Atwood (2006), Creel et al. (2009)
Elevation	Elevation (m)	Altmann (1951), Leptich and Zager (1994), McCorquodale (2003)
Forest	Forests (compared to grasslands and shrublands)	McCorquodale (1993), Leptich and Zager (1994), Unsworth et al. (1998), Proffitt et al. (2011)
Aspect	Southerly (134–224°), non-southerly (0–135° or 225°–360°)	Marcum (1975), Leptich and Zager (1994), Proffitt et al. (2011)
Slope	Slope	Marcum (1975), Leptich and Zager (1994), Proffitt et al. (2011)
Stream	Distance to stream (km)	McCorquodale (2003)
Primary road	Distance to primary road (km)	Irwin and Peek (1983), Edge et al. (1988), McCorquodale (2003), Montgomery et al. (2013)
Secondary road	Distance to secondary road (km)
Tertiary road	Distance to tertiary road (km)