Table 2.
Laboratory Findings at Admission According to the Development of Respiratory Failure
| Variable | Total (n = 2327) | Respiratory failure (n=343) | Without respiratory failure (n=1984) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory findings at admission | ||||
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 72 (61–86) | 66 (55–79) | 73 (63–88) | <0.0001 |
| PaO2 <60 mmHg | 191 (21.5%) | 72 (32.7%) | 119 (17.8%) | <0.0001 |
| SpO2 (%) | 96 (94–98) | 91 (85–94) | 96 (94–98) | <0.0001 |
| ePAFI ratio | 319 (257–390) | 257 (187–327) | 338 (285–404) | <0.0001 |
| Leukocytes (×103 cells/μL) | 5.77 (4.44–7.6) | 7.1 (5–9.8) | 5.7 (4.5–7.7) | <0.0001 |
| Lymphocytes (×103 cells/μL) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.9 (0.67–1.28) | 1.21 (0.81–1.51) | <0.0001 |
| Monocytes (×103 cells/μL) | 0.4 (0.28–0.56) | 0.37 (0.25–0.5) | 0.4 (0.28–0.56) | <0.0001 |
| Laboratory values at admission and/or within the first 24 h of hospitalization | ||||
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1–2.11) | 2.04 (1–15) | 1.35 (0.8–3.05) | 0.210 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.82 (0.68–0.99) | 0.89 (0.71–1.03) | 0.81 (0.67–0.97) | <0.0001 |
| Ferritin levels (ng/mL) | 497 (182–1127) | 1091 (312–1716) | 393 (103–810) | <0.0001 |
| LDH (U/L) | 290 (224–385) | 355 (269–604) | 309 (235–428) | <0.0001 |
| AST (mg/dL) | 35 (25–52) | 44 (33–53) | 30 (22–42) | <0.0001 |
| ALT (mg/dL) | 34 (22–56) | 42 (26–67) | 33 (22–54) | <0.0001 |
| Albumin (mg/dL) | 4.1 (3.7–4.3) | 3.7 (3.3–3.8) | 4.1 (3.8–4.3) | <0.0001 |
| Creatine kinase (U/L) | 91 (57–172) | 410 (258–430) | 69 (59–84) | <0.0001 |
| Sodium(mmol/L) | 138 (135–140) | 136 (134–139) | 136 (137–140) | <0.0001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 3.63 (1.20–9.01) | 5.06 (3.17–16.1) | 4.2 (2.1–7.15) | <0.0001 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.07 (0.04–0.14) | 0.14 (0.1–1.14) | 0.06 (0.02–0.07) | <0.0001 |
| Fibrinogen levels (mg/dL) | 593 (494–711) | 517 (469–742) | 605 (268–656) | 0.001 |
| D-dimer (mg/mL) | 440 (260–715) | 566 (323–888) | 412 (250–693) | <0.0001 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 19 (7.9–48.8) | 71 (24–149) | 15.8 (7.2–35.1) | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as no. (%) or medians (IQR). Bold characters indicate p values <0.05. BP, blood pressure; paO2, partial pressure of oxygen; SpO2, peripheral pulse oximetry; ePAFI, estimated pulse oximetry saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen (SpO2/FiO2) ratio; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase. All laboratory values were available in >90% of cases except PaO2 (n=911); lactate (n=926); creatine kinase (n=1220); procalcitonin (n=1033); fibrinogen levels (n=1524); D-dimer (n=1786); ferritin (n=890); interleukin-6 (n=338); albumin (n=1013); LDH (n=2054); and GOT (n=1916)