Figure 4. . Stem cell-based regenerative medicine.

Due to the ability to self-renewal and differentiate into multiple lineages, stem cells show great promise in regenerative medicine. Different types of stem cells are identified, such as induced pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, which can differentiate into linages such as neurocytes, osteocytes and myocytes. Stem cells with biomaterials have been used for degenerative diseases, such as heart, kidney and liver failures.

ESC: Embryonic stem cell; iPSC: Induced pluripotent stem cell; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.

Adapted with permission from [18].