Table 4.

in vitro permeation parameters for ketorolac from jojoba oil microemulsions through excised rat skin into phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) at 37 °C. Data represent mean ± RSD, n = 3.

Microemulsion formulation	Flux (μg/cm2.h)	Lag time (h)	Permeation coefficient ([cm/h] × 10-2)	Cumulative drug permeated at 24 h (%)
Control*	40.27 ± 0.58	13.50 ± 0.18	0.01	3.8
M3	107.11 ± 0.98	9.59 ± 0.03	0.03	13.5
M4	125.38 ± 0.64	5.22 ± 0.03	0.03	20.3
M5	188.21 ± 0.21	6.86 ± 0.01	0.05	60.4

* Jojoba oil and Brij 97 at 90:10 volume ratio.