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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Spine J. 2021 Mar 5;21(7):1205–1216. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2021.03.002

Figure 1. Schematic of the BMP-2 signaling pathway.

Figure 1.

Upon BMP-2 binding to two serine/threonine kinase receptors (type I and type II), the type II receptor transphosphorylates the type I receptor (e.g., ALK3). After becoming active, the type I receptor phosphorylates SMAD1/5/8 to propagate the signal into the cell. pSMAD1/5/8 then forms a hetero-oligomeric complex with SMAD4, where together they translocate to the nucleus to interact with specific transcription factors (TF) to regulate target gene expression.