TABLE 1.
Characteristics of URBAN ARCH participants, stratified by gender
| Characteristic | Uganda (n = 447) | Russia (n = 351) | United States (n = 250) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women (n = 303, 67.8%) | Men (n = 144, 32.2%) | P | Women (n = 103, 29.3%) | Men (n = 248, 70.7%) | P | Women (n = 93, 37.2%) | Men (n = 157, 62.8%) | P | |
| Age, M (SD) | 33.0(9.7) | 37.4(10.1) | <.01 | 32.4(6.6) | 34.3 (5.0) | .01 | 48.2(8.5) | 49.0 (10.0) | .52 |
| Greater than basic education, n (%) | 89 (29.4%) | 48 (33.3%) | .40 | 78 (75.7%) | 199(80.2%) | .35 | 56 (60.2%) | 106 (67.5%) | .24 |
| Employed, n (%) | 277 (92.0%) | 143 (99.3%) | <.01 | 43 (41.7%) | 130 (52.4%) | .07 | 13 (14.0%) | 27 (17.2%) | .50 |
| Married or living with partner, n (%) | 118 (38.9%) | 101 (70.1%) | <.01 | 59 (57.3%) | 93 (37.5%) | <.01 | 28 (30.1%) | 37 (23.6%) | .25 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 13 (4.3%) | 35 (24.5%) | <.01 | 94(91.3%) | 216(87.1%) | .18 | 75 (81.5%) | 120 (76.4%) | .25 |
| Injection drug use past 30 days, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 36 (35.0%) | 94 (37.9%) | .60 | 7 (7.5%) | 20 (12.7%) | .20 | |
| Recent unprotected sex,a n (%) | 186 (61.4%) | 69 (47.9%) | .01 | 71 (70.3%) | 97 (40.1%) | <.01 | 27 (30.0%) | 36 (23.1%) | .23 |
| Depressive symptoms,b n (%) | 102 (35.7%) | 39 (28.7%) | .15 | 54 (52.4%) | 107 (43.5%) | .13 | 32 (34.8%) | 42 (26.9%) | .19 |
| CD4 count, M (SD) | 581.6 (213.7) | 545.6 (187.4) | .08 | 559.8 (325.3) (n = 73) | 518.8 (282.5) (n= 176) | .32 | 577.1 (310.9) | 564.1 (299.9) | .75 |
| Social supportc | |||||||||
| M (SD) | 31.1 (6.0) | 32.8(5.5) | <.01 | 21.7 (4.4) | 19.6 (5.5) | .01 | — | — | — |
| n (%) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 89 (95.7%) | 144(91.7%) | .23 |
| Heavy drinking,d n (%) | 108 (35.6%) | 85 (59.0%) | <.01 | 80 (77.7%) | 196(79.0%) | .78 | 51 (54.8%) | 82 (52.2%) | .69 |
| Alcohol use disorder, MINI,e n (%) | 44(14.5%) | 41 (28.5%) | <.01 | 59 (57.3%) | 188 (75.8%) | <.01 | 59 (63.4%) | 100 (63.7%) | .25 |
| Number of bingef days in past 30 days, M (SD) | 0.6 (3.1) | 2.1 (5.8) | <.01 | 5.8 (8.6) | 6.8 (8.6) | .30 | 4.3 (7.5) | 4.7 (8.1) | .70 |
| Number of drinking days past 30 days, M (SD | 2.5 (5.1) | 5.4 (7.4) | <.01 | 11.4(9.0) | 12.5 (9.4) | .30 | 5.8 (8.1) | 6.9 (9.1) | .34 |
| Average drinks per drinking day past 30 days, M (SD) | 1.5 (2.0) | 2.5 (2.7) | <.01 | 4.0 (3.2) | 5.3 (4.7) | .01 | 4.3 (5.3) | 5.1 (6.6) | .30 |
| Most commonly consumed alcohol type, n (%) | |||||||||
| Beer | 120 (39.7%) | 58 (40.3%) | .01 | 56 (54.4%) | 129(52.0%) | .24 | |||
| Wine | 4(1.3%) | 3 (2.1%) | 21 (20.4%) | 34(13.7%) | |||||
| Distilled spirits | 21 (7.0%) | 23 (16.0%) | 14(13.6%) | 42 (16.9%) | |||||
| PEth levels—Mdn (IQR) ng/ml | 1.0 | 62.8 | <.01 | 42.0 | 57.0 | .38 | 1.0 | 1.0 | .27 |
| (1.56) | (1, 300) | (1, 183) | (1, 192) | (1.41) | (1.59) | ||||
| PEth above 50 ng/ml, n (%) | 78 (25.8%) | 76 (52.8%) | <.01 | 48 (48.0%) | 129 (52.7%) | .43 | 22 (23.9%) | 44 (28.0%) | .48 |
| Self-reported alcohol use by PEth level | |||||||||
| Self-report heavy use and PEth ≥ 50 ng/ml | 46 (15.3%) | 48 (33.6%) | <.01 | 44 (44.0%) | 107 (43.7%) | .42 | 19 (20.7%) | 41 (26.1%) | .47 |
| Self-report heavy use and PEth < 50 ng/ml | 30 (10.0%) | 9 (6.3%) | 31 (31.0%) | 65 (26.5%) | 29 (31.5%) | 38 (24.2%) | |||
| Self-report non-heavy use and PEth ≥ 50 ng/ml | 32 (10.7%) | 27 (18.9%) | 4 (4.0%) | 22 (9.0%) | 3 (3.3%) | 3 (1.9%) | |||
| Self-report non-heavy use and PEth < 50 ng/ml | 192 (64.0%) | 59 (41.3%) | 21 (21.0%) | 51 (20.8%) | 41 (44.6%) | 75 (47.8%) | |||
Notes: Bold indicates statistical significance. URBAN ARCH = Uganda Russia Boston Alcohol Network for Alcohol Research Collaboration on HIV/AIDS consortium; CD4 = cluster of differentiation 4; MINI = Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview; IQR = interquartile range; PEth = phosphatidyl ethanol.
aUganda: not using a condom during the most recent sexual experience (Brown & Vanable, 2007); Russia and Boston: unprotected sex in the past 90 days (Wechsberg, 1998);
bUganda and Russia: Score of ≥16 on CES-D (Radloff, 1977); Boston: Patient Health Questionnaire version 2 [PHQ-2] score ≥3 (Kroenke et al., 2003);
cRussia and Uganda: Sum of 10 social scale items (Fleishman et al., 2000); Boston: report of having someone to turn to when feeling bad and needing someone to talk to;
dUganda: Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-consumption questions scores of ≥4 for men and ≥3 for women and/or PEth ≥50 ng/ml; Russia and U.S.: >4 drinks in a day or >14 drinks per week for men and >3 drinks in a day or >7 per week for women and/or PEth ≥50 ng/ml:
eassessed via the MINI (Sheehan et al., 1998);
fbinge drinking day defined as one where men consume 5 or more alcoholic drinks and women consume 4 or more alcoholic drinks (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2020).