Table 3.
Standardized and Unstandardized Coefficients for the Cross-Lagged Effects of T1 Internalized Racism, Racial Identity, and Covariates Predicting W3 Anxiety Distress.
| Predictor | β | B | SE | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biased Representation of History (BRH) | ||||||
| Cohort | – | 0.76 | – | 0.99 | 0.07 | .00 |
| Gender | – | 0.08 | – | 0.10 | 0.07 | .17 |
| Discrimination Frequency | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.04 | .04 | ||
| Biased Representation of History | – | 0.00 | – | 0.00 | 0.07 | .99 |
| W1 Centrality | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.04 | .10 | ||
| W1 Private Regard | – | 0.06 | – | 0.03 | 0.04 | .44 |
| W1 Public Regard | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | .86 | ||
| W1 Assimilationist Ideology | – | 0.06 | – | 0.05 | 0.04 | .21 |
| W1 Humanist Ideology | – | 0.02 | – | 0.01 | 0.04 | .78 |
| W1 Oppressed Minority Ideology | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | .56 | ||
| W1 Nationalist Ideology | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | .71 | ||
| W1 Depression | – | 0.02 | – | 0.02 | 0.07 | .79 |
| W1 Anxiety | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.09 | .00 | ||
| Centrality × BRH | – | 0.03 | – | 0.02 | 0.07 | .74 |
| Private Regard × BRH | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.07 | .29 | ||
| Public Regard × BRH | – | 0.11 | – | 0.10 | 0.07 | .15 |
| Assimilationist × BRH | – | 0.10 | – | 0.13 | 0.07 | .05 |
| Humanist × BRH | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.08 | .22 | ||
| Oppressed Minority × BRH | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.06 | .27 | ||
| Nationalist × BRH | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.07 | .21 | ||
| Alteration of Physical Appearance (APA) | ||||||
| Cohort | – | 0.76 | – | 0.99 | 0.07 | .00 |
| Gender | – | 0.10 | – | 0.13 | 0.07 | .07 |
| Discrimination Frequency | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.03 | .02 | ||
| Alteration of Physical Appearance | – | 0.07 | – | 0.06 | 0.06 | .25 |
| W1 Centrality | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.04 | .17 | ||
| W1 Private Regard | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 1.0 | ||
| W1 Public Regard | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | .87 | ||
| W1 Assimilationist Ideology | – | 0.08 | – | 0.05 | 0.04 | .12 |
| W1 Humanist Ideology | – | 0.05 | – | 0.03 | 0.04 | .37 |
| W1 Oppressed Minority Ideology | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.03 | .52 | ||
| W1 Nationalist Ideology | – | 0.01 | – | 0.01 | 0.04 | .87 |
| W1 Depression | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.07 | .75 | ||
| W1 Anxiety | 0.24 | 0.31 | 0.09 | .00 | ||
| Centrality × APA | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.04 | .12 | ||
| Private Regard × APA | – | 0.20 | – | 0.11 | 0.04 | .01 |
| Public Regard × APA | – | 0.01 | – | 0.01 | 0.04 | .90 |
| Assimilationist × APA | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | .33 | ||
| Humanist × APA | – | 0.13 | – | 0.12 | 0.06 | .04 |
| Oppressed Minority × APA | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | .56 | ||
| Nationalist × APA | – | 0.11 | – | 0.09 | 0.05 | .06 |
| Internalization of Negative Stereotypes | ||||||
| Cohort | – | 0.76 | – | 0.98 | 0.07 | .00 |
| Gender | – | 0.16 | – | 0.22 | 0.08 | .00 |
| Discrimination Frequency | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.03 | .01 | ||
| Internalization of Negative Stereotypes | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | .30 | ||
| W1 Centrality | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.03 | .19 | ||
| W1 Private Regard | – | 0.02 | – | 0.01 | 0.04 | .82 |
| W1 Public Regard | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | .78 | ||
| W1 Assimilationist Ideology | – | 0.01 | – | 0.01 | 0.04 | .79 |
| W1 Humanist Ideology | – | 0.06 | – | 0.04 | 0.04 | .31 |
| W1 Oppressed Minority Ideology | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.03 | .42 | ||
| W1 Nationalist Ideology | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 1.0 | ||
| W1 Depression | – | 0.04 | – | 0.04 | 0.07 | .54 |
| W1 Anxiety | 0.30 | 0.38 | 0.09 | .00 | ||
| Centrality × INS | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.05 | .04 | ||
| Private Regard × INS | – | 0.10 | – | 0.05 | 0.04 | .21 |
| Public Regard × INS | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | .24 | ||
| Assimilationist × INS | – | 0.09 | – | 0.08 | 0.06 | .13 |
| Humanist × INS | – | 0.08 | – | 0.06 | 0.05 | .21 |
| Oppressed Minority × INS | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | .26 | ||
| Nationalist × INS | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 | .61 | ||
| Hair Change | ||||||
| Cohort | – | 0.74 | – | 0.97 | 0.07 | .00 |
| Gender | – | 0.09 | – | 0.12 | 0.07 | .10 |
| Discrimination Frequency | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.03 | .02 | ||
| Hair Change | – | 0.07 | – | 0.05 | 0.04 | .23 |
| W1 Centrality | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.03 | .09 | ||
| W1 Private Regard | – | 0.03 | – | 0.02 | 0.04 | .68 |
| W1 Public Regard | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | .68 | ||
| W1 Assimilationist Ideology | – | 0.08 | – | 0.06 | 0.04 | .13 |
| W1 Humanist Ideology | – | 0.01 | – | 0.01 | 0.04 | .80 |
| W1 Oppressed Minority Ideology | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | .63 | ||
| W1 Nationalist Ideology | – | 0.04 | – | 0.03 | 0.04 | .53 |
| W1 Depression | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 | .37 | ||
| W1 Anxiety | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.09 | .00 | ||
| Centrality × HC | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.04 | .00 | ||
| Private Regard × HC | – | 0.17 | – | 0.11 | 0.04 | .01 |
| Public Regard × HC | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.04 | .02 | ||
| Assimilationist × HC | – | 0.01 | – | 0.01 | 0.06 | .84 |
| Humanist × HC | – | 0.07 | – | 0.06 | 0.05 | .25 |
| Oppressed Minority × HC | – | 0.04 | – | 0.03 | 0.03 | .40 |
| Nationalist × HC | – | 0.14 | – | 0.11 | 0.05 | .03 |
Note. Gender codling: (0 = female; 1 = male). Cohort coding: (0 = Cohort 2; 1 = Cohort 1).W1 = Wave 1; W3 = Wave 3; BRH = biased representation of history; APA = alteration of physical appearance; INS = internalization of negative stereotypes; HC = hair change