Table 1.

Result of Study

Study	Type of DM	Design	Sample	Variables	Result
Likitmaskul, Sahakitrungruang[10]	T1DM	Quasi-experiment	85	self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), HbA1C, blood sugar, eating disorders	Education and skills regarding diabetes self - management improved glycemic control. The program increases patient, family, and health - care worker interaction and communication.
Bott, Bott[8]	T1DM	Quasi-experiment	76	HbA1C, blood sugar, eating disorders, knowledge, motivation, competence regarding diet, the adaptation of insulin dosage	Treatment performance was significantly associated with baseline HbA1c, motivation stability, blood glucose level self - monitoring, perception management, and subsequent out-patient care improvements.
Chalermsri, Paisansudhi[9]	T2DM	Retrospective chart analysis	757	demographic data, glycemic control, screening for diabetic complications, and health maintenance.	The present study showed that the quality of treatment clinic at the medical OPD had greater efficacy than usual care, which is screening, glycemic control, and diabetic complications prevention.
Vargas-Lombardo, Jipsion[12]	T1DM T2DM	A transversal analytical study	107	Patient acceptance’	All the participants in the project demonstrated this with the acceptance of the hiPAPD model. The model provides services in remote and marginal areas that promote education, health, self-care, and social integration.
Young, Thabit[11]	T1DM	Case study	3	Live’s experiences during used closed-loop technology for 1 month	The first man experiences “changing lives, getting a better version of myself.” Use this tool and feel safe and comfortable. Participants explained to 32-year-old women that this tool improves work performance, flexibility, and “the greatest power that I have ever had.” He explained to men 30 years old that this tool puts a burden on the mind. All participants reported technological barriers and challenges such as portability of the system, frequent alarms, and poor connectivity of the devices.
Sachdeva, Khalique[14]	T2DM	Qualitative study	25	Cultural determinants in diabetes care	Diabetes care requires better results from cultural factors. Prevention and care programs, diabetes providers are expected to provide treatments that are consistent with the culture of the patient, and this is also correlated with local eating habits.
Popoola[13]	T2DM	Qualitative study: ethnography study	35	Holistic experiences	Their belief gives them the spiritual strength to handle diabetes because they all find a way of living a holistic life.
Chawla, Thakur[15]	TIDM T2DM	Literature review		Herbal drug	The lack of awareness causes diabetes, which suddenly increases the risk of ketoacidosis and diabetic coma. If not handled properly, it will lead to complicated chronic diabetes. By using a holistic approach to herbal medicine, the multi-organ dysfunction syndrome which emerges from this metabolic disorder can be reduced/postponed. Further studies are needed to ensure the development of a useful framework for the standardization of herbal medicines, accompanied by recommendations for regulatory standards for future research efforts.
Baldi, Choudhary[16]	TIDM T2DM	Literature review		Nutraceuticals as therapeutic agents	Herbal treatments that have the best clinical evidence include American ginseng, C. indica, A. vera, T. foenum-graecum, and Opuntia (Nopal). The α-lipoic acid, vitamins C and E, and magnesium are nutraceutical agents to improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic control.
Kutty and Raju[17]	T2DM	Commentary		Yoga, blood glucose	Research by Kyizom, Singh, Singh, Tandon, and Kumar (2010), got the result that the beneficial effects of yoga therapy in conjunction with conventional medical treatment. Blood glucose is effectively controlled in conjunction with yoga therapy when traditional treatment is done.

T1DM: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; QoL: Quality of Life; HbA1C / A1c: Glycemic Control; OPD: Out Patient Department; hiPAPD: Holistic, Interactive and Persuasive Model to Facilitate Self-care of the diabetic Patients