Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
| First author, year | Country | Study design | Study date | No of population (% male) | Age range; mean age (SD) | Main outcome measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bambs CE et al. 2011 [29] | USA | Cross-sectional study | Heart SCORE study 2003 | 1933 (34%) | 45–75; 59 (7.5) | Prevalence of ideal CVH, CVH metrics, ideal health behaviors, and health factors |
| Benziger CP et al. 2018 [30] | Peru | Cross-sectional study | CHRONICAS 2010 | 3058 (48.7%) | ≥35; 55.6 (12.7) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics, PRs of ideal CVH for education and Wealth index |
| Bi Y et al. 2015 [31] | China | Cross-sectional study | 2010 | 96121 (45.7%) | ≥20 | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics, ideal health behaviors, and health factors |
| Bundy JD et al. 2020 [32] | USA | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | 1985–2016 | 30447 (39.4%) | 55.0 (13.9) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Chang Y et al. 2016 [33] | China | Cross-sectional study | 2012–2013 | 11113 (46.2%) | ≥35; 53.8 (10.6) | Prevalence of ideal CVH, CVH metrics, ideal health behaviors, and health factors, ORs of ideal CVH for education and family income |
| Chung JWY et al. 2018 [34] | Hong Kong, China | Cross-sectional study | 2014–2016 | 626 (9.2%) | >20 | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| De Moraes ACF et al. 2019 [10] | USA | Cross-sectional study | 2000–2002 | 6792 (47.2%) | 45–84; 62.2 | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Del Brutto OH et al. 2013 [35] | Ecuador | Cross-sectional study | Atahualpa 2012; | 616 (40.6%) | 40–99; 59.0 (13.0) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| USA | NOMAS 1993–2001 | 1617 (36.7%) | 40–107; 66.0 (9.0) | |||
| Djousse L et al. 2015 [36] | USA | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | JHS 2000–2004 (baseline visit) | 5301 (36.5%) | 55.3 (12.7) | Prevalence of ideal CVH metrics, ideal health behaviors, and health factors, and number of ideal CVH metrics |
| Fan C et al. 2020 [37] | USA | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | APAC 2012 | 3475 (56.5%) | 45–75 | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Fang J et al. 2019 [38] | USA | Cross-sectional study | NHANES 2011–2016 | 6764 (46.5%) | ≥20 | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| 5278 NHW (49.4) | 49.9 (0.5) | |||||
| 1486 NHAA (47.6) | 44.5 (0.8) | |||||
| Folsom AR et al. 2011 [2] | USA | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | ARIC 1987–1989 (baseline visit) | 12744 (43.9%) | 45–64; 54.0 | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Foraker RE et al. 2019 [39] | USA | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | JHS 2000–2004 (baseline examination) | 3667 (35.6%) | 35–84; 55.1 | Prevalence of ideal CVH metrics; EEs of ideal CVH score for income and education |
| Gao B et al, 2020 [40] | China | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | National survey 2007–2010 | 45984 (50.4%) | ≥18; 49.2 (15.1) | Prevalence of 5 ideal CVH metrics |
| Gaye B et al. 2020 [41] | France | Cross-sectional study | 2007–2011 | 68318 (57.7%) | 43.3 (13.6) | Prevalence of 6 ideal CVH metrics |
| Ghimire U et al. 2020 [42] | Nepal | Cross-sectional study | 2013 | 3238 (31.5%) | 15–69 | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics, ideal CVH factors and health behaviors, number of ideal CVH metrics, OR of ideal CVH for education |
| Gonzalez HM et al. 2016 [43] | USA | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | HCHS/SOL 2008–2011 (baseline) | 15825 (47.8%) | 18–74 | Prevalence of ideal CVH, CVH metrics and number of ideal CVH metrics |
| Gonzalez-Rivas JP et al. 2019 [44] | Venezuela | Cross-sectional study | 2014–2017 | 2992 (47%) | ≥20; 41.4 (15.8) | Prevalence of ideal CVH metrics and number of ideal CVH metrics |
| Graciani A et al. 2013 [4] | Spain | Cross-sectional study | ENRICA 2008–2010 | 11408 (49%) | ≥18 | Prevalence of ideal CVH metrics, ideal health factors and behaviours, number of ideal CVH metrics, OR of ideal CVH for education |
| Gupta B et al. 2017 [45] | India | Cross-sectional study | 2006–2010 | 6198 (55.3%) | 20–75 | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Harrison S et al. 2019 [46] | Canada | Cross-sectional study | 2015–2017 | 777 (49.8%) | 18–65; 41.9 (0.1) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and ideal LS7 metrics and distribution of the LS7 score (0–7) |
| Isiozor NM et al. 2020 [47] | Finland | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | KIHD 1984 (baseline) | 2577 (100%) | 42–60; 53.1 (5.1) | Prevalence of ideal CVH, ideal CVH metrics, ideal health behaviors, and health factors |
| Jankovic J et al. 2019 [48] | Serbia | Cross-sectional study | NHS 2013 | 11746 (46%) | ≥20; 51.0 (17.4) | Prevalence of ideal CVH metrics, ideal health factors and health behaviors, ORs of ideal CVH for education and Wealth index |
| Jankovic S et al. 2014 [49] | Republic of Srpska, BH | Cross-sectional study | 2010 NHS | 4020 (46%) | ≥18; 50.2 (17.6) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics, ideal health factors and health behaviors, OR of ideal CVH for education |
| Kim JI et al. 2013 [50] | USA | Cross-sectional study | HONU project 2009 and 2011 | 4754 (41.7%) | ≥18; 52.1 (16.0) | Prevalence of ideal CVH metrics and number of ideal CVH metrics |
| Kim JY et al. 2013 [51] | Korea | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | Seoul Male Cohort Study 1993 | 12538 (100%) | 40–59; 50.0 (5.2) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Kulshreshtha A et al. 2013 [52] | USA | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | REGARDS study 2003–2007 (baseline) | 22914 (42.0%) | ≥45.0 (65.0) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Lawrence EM et al. 2018 [53] | USA | Cross-sectional study | NHANES 2005–2010 | 689 | 24–34 | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics, OR of ideal CVH for education |
| Add Health 2007–2008 | 11200 (51%) | |||||
| Liu Y et al. 2014 [54] | China | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | Kailuan Sudy 2006–2007 (baseline) | 95429 (79.7%) | ≥18–98; 51.5 (12.5) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Lu Y et al. 2015 [8] | China | Cross-sectional study | 2013 | 11996 (64.7%) | ≥19; 46.8 (13.0) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Machado LBM et al. 2018 [55] | Brasil | Cross-sectional study | 2008–2010 | 13356 (45.3%) | 35–74 51.7 (8.9) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics, rPSD of ideal CVH for education and income |
| Matozinhos FP et al. 2017 [56] | Brasil | Cross-sectional study | 2012 | 41134 (48.4%) | ≥18; 41 (0.15) | Prevalence of ideal 6 CVH metrics, PR of ideal CVH for education |
| Medina-Inojosa JR et al. 2020 [57] | Czech Republic | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | 2014 | 2074 (47.0%) | 25–64; 47.3 (11.3) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Moghaddam MM et al. 2014 [58] | Iran | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | TLGS 2009–2011 | 4865 (41.2%) | ≥20; 41.4 (13.6) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Nowicki GJ et al. 2018 [59] | Poland | Cross-sectional study | 2015–2016 | 3901 (41.1%) | 35–64; 52.1 (8.2) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and number of ideal CVH metrics |
| Ogunmoroti O et al. 2017 [60] | USA | Cross-sectional study | BHSF 2014 | 9056 (26.0%) | 43.0 (12.0) | Prevalence of ideal CVH, ideal CVH metrics and number of ideal CVH metrics, OR of ideal CVH for education. |
| Ommerborn MJ et al. 2016 [61] | USA | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | JHS 2000–2004 (baseline) | 4702 | 35–84 | Prevalence of ideal CVH and numbers of ideal CVH metrics |
| Patel N et al. 2019 [62] | USA | Cross-sectional study | NHANES 2007–2010 | 4369 (48.6%) | ≥20; 45.0 | Prevalence of ideal CVH and number of ideal CVH metrics |
| Peng Y and Wang Z 2018 [63] | Australia | Cross-sectional study | AHS 2011–2012 | 7499 (44.4%) | ≥18 | Prevalence of ideal CVH and ideal health factors and health behaviors |
| Pilkerton CS et al. 2015 [64] | USA | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | BRFSS 2011 | 341659 (47.9) | ≥18; 51.1 (0.1) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Ren J et al. 2016 [65] | China | Cross-sectional study | SMASH 2011–2015 | 15350 (50.05%) | 18–69; 41.4 | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics, ORs of ideal CVH for income and education |
| Seron P et al. 2018 [66] | Latin Americaa | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | CESCAS I 2011–2012 | 5458 (41,1%) | 35–74; 54.8 (10.8) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Shay et al. 2012 [67] | USA | Cross-sectional study | NHANES 2003–2008 | 14515 (50.7%) | ≥20 | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Simon M et al. 2017 [9] | France | Cross-sectional study | Paris Prospective Study 3 2008–2012 | 9012 (61.5%) | 50–75; 59.5 (6.3) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics, OR of ideal CVH for education |
| van Nieuwenhuizen B et al. 2018 [68] | Ghanab | Cross-sectional study | Multi-centre RODAM study 2012–2015 | 3510 (38.0%) | 18–70; 47.0 (12.0) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Velasquez-Melendez G et al. 2015 [69] | Brasil | Cross-sectional study | NHS 2013 | 34362 (48.7%) | ≥18; 43.8 (0.2) | Prevalence of ideal CVH metrics |
| Wu HY et al. 2013 [70] | China | Cross-sectional study | CHED 2010 | 1012418 (45.0%) | 20–65; 42.7 (6.4) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Wu S et al. 2012 [71] | China | Cross-sectional nested in cohort study | Kailuan Study 2006–2007 | 91698 (79.4%) | 18–98; 51.5 (12.4) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Zeng Q et al. 2013 [72] | China | Cross-sectional study | DREHM 2009–2012 | 9962 (55.8%) | 20–83; 47.1 | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics |
| Zhao Y et al. 2016 [73] | China | Cross-sectional study | 2010 | 2693 (33.4%) | 20–80; 51.4 (11.5) | Prevalence of ideal CVH and CVH metrics, ORs of ideal CVH for education and income |
Add Health = National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health; AHS = Australian Health Survey; APAC = Asymptomatic Polyvascular Abnormalities Community study; ARIC = Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; BHSF = Baptist Health South Florida Employee Study; BRFSS = Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; CHED = Chinese Health Examination Database; CHRONICAS = Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases; CVH = Cardiovascular health; DREHM = Disease Risk Evaluation and Health Management study; ENRICA = Study on Nutrition and Cardio-vascular Risk; Heart SCORE = Heart Strategies Concentrating on Risk Evaluation study; HCHS/SOL = Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos; HONU = Heart of New Ulm Screening Participants; JHS = Jackson Heart Study; EE = Effect estimate; KIHD = Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease study; LS7 = Life’s Simple 7; NHAA = non-Hispanic Asian Americans; NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NHS = National Health Survey; NHW = non-Hispanic white; NOMAS = Northern Manhattan Study; OR = Odds ratio; PR = Prevalence ratio; REGARDS = The Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke; rPSD = Relative predicted score differences; RODAM = Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants; SMASH = The Shandong province and the Chinese Ministry of Health collaborative Action on Salt reduction and Hypertension; TLGS = Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study; Wealth index = an aggregation of assets and household facilities.
aArgentina, Chile, and Uruguay
bGhanian population in Amsterdam, London and Berlin.