Table 3. Health-related quality of life throughout follow-up.
| Overall cohort | COVID-19 cohort | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | COVID-19 | non-COVID-19 | β/OR (95% CI) | p-value | ICU | non-ICU | β/OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| 1 month | n = 252 | 123 | 129 | N/A | N/A | 30 | 93 | N/A | N/A |
| 3 months | n = 212 | 116 | 96 | N/A | N/A | 33 | 83 | N/A | N/A |
| Overall HRQoL, median (95% range) | |||||||||
| 1 month | 0.7 (-0.1–1.0) | 0.8 (0.0–1.0) | 0.7 (-0.2–1.0) | -0.1 (-0.1–0.01) | 0.101 | 0.7 (0.0–1.0) | 0.8 (0.0–1.0) | 0.03 (-0.1–0.2) | 0.522 |
| 3 months | 0.8 (0.1–1.0) | 0.8 (0.1–1.0) | 0.7 (0.0–1.0) | 0.0 (-0.1–0.04) | 0.371 | 0.8 (0.1–1.0) | 0.8 (0.1–1.0) | 0.04 (-0.1–0.1) | 0.322 |
| β, time (95% CI) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | N/A | N/A | 0.0 (-0.1–0.1) | 0.05 (0.0–0.1) | N/A | N/A |
| p-value (Time) | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.11 | N/A | N/A | 0.98 | 0.04 | N/A | N/A |
| Perceived Health State, median (95% range) | |||||||||
| 1 month | 65 (10–95) | 70 (25–95) | 60 (10–90) | -5.1 (-10.8–0.6) | 0.083 | 68 (9–95) | 70 (30–99) | 6.1 (-2.0–14.1) | 0.142 |
| 3 months | 73 (9–95) | 75 (18–95) | 70 (8–95) | -2.8 (-3.9–9.5) | 0.414 | 70 (8–96)) | 75 (20–95) | 4.4 (-4.1–12.9) | 0.312 |
| β, time (95% CI) | 4.2 (1.1–7.4) | 3.4 (-0.2–7.1) | 5.0 (-0.4–10.4) | N/A | N/A | 4.1 (-4.1–12.3) | 3.2 (-0.8–7.3) | N/A | N/A |
| p-value (Time) | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.07 | N/A | N/A | 0.33 | 0.13 | N/A | N/A |
| Mental HRQoL, median (95% range) | |||||||||
| 1 month | 39 (15–63) | 40 (14–62) | 39 (16–63) | 2.7 (-0.8–6.1) | 0.135 | 46 (17–62) | 39 (13–60) | -5.1 (-10.8–0.5) | 0.082 |
| 3 months | 48 (19–64) | 49 (21–64) | 47 (19–64) | 2.6 (-1.6–6.7) | 0.236 | 53 (29–64) | 48 (19–62) | -7.6 (-14 - -1.8) | 0.017 |
| β, time (95% CI) | 6.0 (4.3–7.7) | 7.2 (4.8–9.7) | 4.6 (2.2–7.0) | N/A | N/A | 7.5 (3.5–11.5) | 7.1 (4.1–10.1) | N/A | N/A |
| p-value (Time) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | N/A | N/A | 0.001 | <0.001 | N/A | N/A |
| Physical HRQoL, median (95% range) | |||||||||
| 1 month | 37 (18–56) | 39 (22–56) | 35 (15–56) | -3.3 (-6.1- -0.5) | 0.028 | 38 (23–57) | 39 (22–56) | -4.1 (-10.3–2.0) | 0.1810 |
| 3 months | 39 (17–59) | 41 (22–58) | 37 (16–59) | -2.2 (-6.0–1.6) | 0.269 | 40 (19–58) | 42 (22–59) | 1.2 (-3.5–5.9) | 0.632 |
| OR,time (95% CI) | 1.7 (0.5–3.0) | 2.4 (0.6–4.1) | 0.8 (-0.8–2.4) | N/A | N/A | 3.0 (-0.7–6.7) | 2.2 (0.2–4.2) | N/A | N/A |
| p-value (Time) | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.35 | N/A | N/A | 0.12 | 0.03 | N/A | N/A |
Descriptive statistics of the HRQoL outcomes, stratified by COVID-19 diagnosis and ICU admission. Differences over time were calculated using mixed effects linear (for continuous outcomes) and logistic (for categorical outcomes) regression models, with time as independent variable. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; EQ-5D, European quality of life 5 dimensions questionnaire; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; ICU, intensive care unit; MCS-36, mental component score of the RAND-36; OR, odds ratio; PCS-36, physical component score of the RAND-36; TTO, time trade-off; VAS, visual analogue scale. Differences between stratifications were analyzed using simple linear (for continuous outcomes) and logistic (for categorical outcomes) regression models.
1 Adjusted for age, ethnicity, educational level, and employment status before hospitalization
2 not adjusted
3 adjusted for age, ethnicity and employment status before hospitalization
4 adjusted for ethnicity and employment status before hospitalization
5 adjusted for ethnicity and educational level
6 adjusted for ethnicity, ICU admission, employment status before hospitalization and SOFA score during admission
7 adjusted SOFA score during admission
8 adjusted for age, ethnicity, hospital length of stay, and employment status before hospitalization
9 adjusted for age, educational level, and employment status before hospitalization
10 not hospital length of stay.