Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics of the Study Population (N = 14,693)a
|
|
Orthodontic Treatment (No) |
Orthodontic Treatment (Yes) |
||||
| Nonperiodontitis (n = 9752) |
Periodontitis (n = 4157) |
P
|
Nonperiodontitis (n = 716) |
Periodontitis (n = 68) |
P
|
|
| Age, y (mean ± SD) | 42.96 ± 0.24 | 54.49 ± 0.31 | <.0001 | 30.17 ± 0.38 | 40.07 ± 1.34 | <.0001 |
| Male sex (%) | 46.2 (0.6) | 59.5 (0.8) | <.0001 | 39.1 (2.2) | 54.8 (7.2) | .0373 |
| Education (%) | <.0001 | .0076 | ||||
| Elementary school or less | 12.8 (0.5) | 28.7 (1) | 0.6 (0.3) | 3.8 (1.7) | ||
| Middle school | 8.1 (0.3) | 14.5 (0.7) | 1.1 (0.4) | 3.3 (2) | ||
| High school | 41.7 (0.7) | 34.3 (1) | 44.2 (2.4) | 50.2 (6.9) | ||
| University or higher | 37.4 (0.8) | 22.5 (1) | 54.1 (2.4) | 42.7 (6.7) | ||
| Household income (%) | <.0001 | .3225 | ||||
| <25% | 12.6 (0.6) | 20.8 (1) | 5.9 (1.1) | 5.2 (2.7) | ||
| 25%∼50% | 25.8 (0.8) | 27.1 (1) | 22.5 (2) | 23.3 (5.5) | ||
| 50%∼75% | 30.2 (0.8) | 27 (1) | 32.5 (2.1) | 21.6 (5.4) | ||
| >75% | 31.4 (1) | 25.1 (1.2) | 39.1 (2.4) | 49.9 (7.5) | ||
| Smoking (%) | <.0001 | .0035 | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 63.5 (0.6) | 46.3 (0.9) | 71.9 (2.1) | 47.4 (7.2) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 15.2 (0.4) | 22.6 (0.8) | 9.7 (1.3) | 18.1 (6) | ||
| Current smoker | 21.2 (0.6) | 31 (0.9) | 18.4 (1.8) | 34.5 (7.4) | ||
| Alcohol consumption (%) | <.0001 | .6922 | ||||
| Nondrinker | 23.1 (0.6) | 28.6 (0.9) | 13.2 (1.4) | 12.3 (4.7) | ||
| Mild to moderate-drinker | 68.6 (0.6) | 60.1 (1) | 79.2 (1.7) | 76.6 (6.4) | ||
| Heavy drinker | 8.3 (0.4) | 11.3 (0.6) | 7.5 (1.2) | 11.1 (5.3) | ||
| Place, urban (%) | 84.4 (1.5) | 75.5 (2.3) | <.0001 | 90.8 (1.7) | 71.1 (6.8) | <.0001 |
| Occupation (yes, %) | 62.5 (0.6) | 65.4 (1) | .0093 | 60.1 (2.4) | 67.7 (6.5) | .2994 |
| Frequency of tooth brushing per day (%) | <.0001 | .1791 | ||||
| 1 | 8.4 (0.4) | 15.3 (0.7) | 4.1 (0.9) | 3.8 (2.4) | ||
| 2 | 36.9 (0.6) | 43.3 (0.9) | 27.6 (2) | 39.5 (6.8) | ||
| 3 | 54.8 (0.6) | 41.4 (1) | 68.2 (2) | 56.8 (6.9) | ||
| Use of interdental brush (yes, %) | 23.3 (0.6) | 11.8 (0.6) | <.0001 | 32.6 (2.1) | 29 (6.8) | .624 |
| Use of floss (yes, %) | 19 (0.6) | 18.1 (0.8) | .3658 | 24.1 (1.9) | 28 (6.5) | .5481 |
| Professional oral examination within 1 year (yes, %) | 26.8 (0.6) | 26.5 (0.9) | .8123 | 38.7 (2.1) | 27.4 (6.5) | .1257 |
| Self-reported oral health status (%) | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| Good | 14.9 (0.5) | 10.4 (0.5) | 21 (1.9) | 11.8 (4.1) | ||
| Moderate | 44.9 (0.7) | 32.6 (0.9) | 47.9 (2.2) | 29.2 (5.9) | ||
| Bad | 40.3 (0.7) | 57 (1) | 31.1 (2) | 59 (6.6) | ||
| White blood cell count (×109/L)b | 5.84 (5.79–5.88) | 6.2 (6.13–6.27) | <.0001 | 5.92 (5.78–6.06) | 6.29 (5.96–6.65) | .0421 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 23.63 ± 0.05 | 24.37 ± 0.07 | <.0001 | 22 ± 0.17 | 23.92 ± 0.46 | <.0001 |
| Waist circumference, cm (mean ± SD) | 80.03 ± 0.16 | 83.72 ± 0.21 | <.0001 | 75.2 ± 0.48 | 81.64 ± 1.23 | <.0001 |
| Number of remaining teeth | 25.83 ± 0.06 | 23.85 ± 0.11 | <.0001 | 25.97 ± 0.09 | 24.96 ± 0.38 | .0093 |
| Regular exercise within a week (yes, %) | 40.3 (0.7) | 35.7 (0.9) | <.0001 | 41.8 (2.2) | 48 (6.9) | .3628 |
| Diabetes (yes, %) | 6.1 (0.3) | 16.8 (0.7) | <.0001 | 1.3 (0.5) | 4 (2.5) | .0994 |
| Hypertension (yes, %) | 20.7 (0.6) | 38.9 (1) | <.0001 | 4.3 (0.8) | 15.2 (4.6) | .0002 |
| Metabolic syndrome (yes, %) | 22.8 (0.6) | 40.1 (1) | <.0001 | 7.4 (1.1) | 28.6 (6.7) | <.0001 |
a
Values are presented as the mean ± standard error for continuous variables or as the proportion (standard error) for categorical variables. Ex-smokers have smoked at least five packs of cigarettes in their whole lives; current smokers have smoked at least five packs of cigarettes in their whole lives and smoke currently; mild-to-moderate drinkers drink <30.0 g alcohol/d; heavy drinkers drink ≥30.0 g alcohol/d.
b
Log transformation was performed to obtain P values, and the value represents the geometric mean (95% confidence interval).