Table II.
Models for Cumulative Risks, Sleep Problem Indexes, and Child Functioning
| Insomnia symptoms models | Internalizing problems | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Step 1: R2 = .16, F = 6.03, p <.001 |
b (95% CI) |
SE
|
p
|
|
| Child non-White background | 1.65 (−2.13, 5.42) | 1.92 | .390 | |
| Child female sex | 2.91(0.10, 5.71) | 1.42 | .042* | |
| Child age | −1.08(−2.38, 0.21) | 0.66 | .102 | |
| Prematurity and/or developmental delays | 0.43 (−4.04, 4.90) | 2.27 | .851 | |
| Cumulative risks | 0.54 (−0.30, 1.37) | 0.43 | .208 | |
| Insomnia symptoms | 2.29 (1.30, 3.29) | 0.53 | <.001*** | |
| Step 2: ΔR2 =.024, F = 5.55, p =.020 | ||||
| Child non-White background | 1.52 (−2.27, 5.31) | 1.92 | .430 | |
| Child female sex | 3.04 (0.23, 5.84) | 1.42 | .034* | |
| Child age | −1.26 (−2.56, 0.04) | 0.66 | .058+ | |
| Prematurity and/or developmental delays | 0.35 (−4.13, 4.84) | 2.27 | .876 | |
| Cumulative risks | −0.32 (−1.43, 0.80) | 0.57 | .578 | |
| Insomnia symptoms | 0.25 (−2.00, 2.50) | 1.14 | .827 | |
| Cumulative risks × insomnia symptoms | 0.75 (0.12, 1.37) | 0.32 | .020* | |
|
| ||||
| Externalizing problems | ||||
|
| ||||
| Step 1: R2 =.21, F = 8.82, p <.001 | b (95% CI) | SE | p | |
| Child non-White background | −0.31 (−4.20, 3.57) | 1.97 | .874 | |
| Child female sex | 1.20 (−1.68, 4.09) | 1.46 | .412 | |
| Child age | −1.70 (−3.03, −0.37) | 0.68 | .013* | |
| Prematurity and/or developmental delays | 5.36 (0.76, 9.97) | 2.33 | .023* | |
| Cumulative risks | 0.67 (−0.20, 1.53) | 0.44 | .133 | |
| Insomnia symptoms | 2.91 (1.99, 3.93) | 0.52 | <.001*** | |
| Step 2: ΔR2 = .041, F = 10.07, p =.002 | ||||
| Child non-White background | −0.53 (−4.42, 3.37) | 1.98 | .790 | |
| Child female sex | 1.37 (−1.52, 4.26) | 1.46 | .351 | |
| Child age | −1.95 (−3.29, −0.61) | 0.68 | .005* | |
| Prematurity and/or developmental delays | 5.24 (0.63, 9.84) | 2.35 | .026* | |
| Cumulative risks | −0.51 (−1.66, 0.64) | 0.58 | .383 | |
| Insomnia symptoms | 0.03 (−2.35, 2.29) | 1.18 | .978 | |
| Cumulative risks × insomnia symptoms | 1.04 (0.39, 1.68) | 0.33 | .002** | |
|
| ||||
| Global executive functioning problems | ||||
|
| ||||
| Step 1: R2 =.13, F = 5.04, p <.001 | b (95% CI) | SE | p | |
| Child non-White background | 3.29 (−1.13, 7.70) | 2.24 | .144 | |
| Child female sex | 3.63 (0.31, 6.94) | 1.68 | .032* | |
| Child age | 0.13 (−1.41, 1.68) | 0.78 | .866 | |
| Prematurity and/or developmental delays | 2.80 (−2.52, 8.12) | 2.70 | .300 | |
| Cumulative risks | 0.55 (−0.44, 1.54) | 0.50 | .274 | |
| Insomnia symptoms | 2.43 (1.28, 3.59) | 0.59 | <.001*** | |
| Step 2: ΔR2 = .016, F = 3.53, p =.062 | ||||
| Child non-White background | 3.32 (−1.11, 7.74) | 2.24 | .141 | |
| Child female sex | 3.79 (0.46, 7.11) | 1.68 | .026* | |
| Child age | −0.05 (−1.60, 1.50) | 0.78 | .951 | |
| Prematurity and/or developmental delays | 2.70 (−2.63, 8.04) | 2.71 | .319 | |
| Cumulative risks | −0.29 (−1.62, 1.03) | 0.67 | .664 | |
| Insomnia symptoms | 0.79 (−1.75, 3.33) | 1.29 | .541 | |
| Cumulative risks × insomnia symptoms | 0.69 (−0.03, 1.41) | 0.36 | .062+ | |
|
| ||||
| Poor sleep health behaviors models | Internalizing problems | |||
|
| ||||
| Step 1: R2 = 0.10, F = 3.19, p = .005 | b (95% CI) | SE | p | |
| Child non-White background | −1.28 (−5.46, 2.91) | 2.12 | .548 | |
| Child female sex | 3.41 (0.34, 6.48) | 1.56 | .030* | |
| Child age | −1.04 (−2.43, 0.34) | 0.70 | .139 | |
| Prematurity and/or developmental delays | −0.64 (−5.57, 4.30) | 2.50 | .800 | |
| Cumulative risks | 0.62 (−0.34, 1.57) | 0.48 | .205 | |
| Poor sleep health behaviors | 1.63 (0.29, 2.97) | 0.68 | .018* | |
| Step 2: ΔR2 = .015, F = 3.01, p = .084 | ||||
| Child non-White background | −0.64 (−4.86, 3.58) | 2.14 | .764 | |
| Child female sex | 3.67 (0.60, 6.74) | 1.56 | .020* | |
| Child age | −1.00 (−2.38, 0.37) | 0.69 | .152 | |
| Prematurity and/or developmental delays | −0.17 (−5.11, 4.76) | 2.50 | .944 | |
| Cumulative risks | −0.51 (−2.09 1.08) | 0.80 | .531 | |
| Poor sleep health behaviors | −0.10 (−2.48, 2.28) | 1.20 | .934 | |
| Cumulative risks × poor sleep health behaviors | 0.55 (−0.07, 1.17) | 0.31 | .084+ | |
|
| ||||
| Externalizing problems | ||||
|
| ||||
| Step 1: R2 = 0.10, F = 3.11, p = .006 | b (95% CI) | SE | p | |
| Child non-White background | −3.20 (−7.69, 1.29) | 2.28 | .162 | |
| Child female sex | 1.59 (−1.71, 4.89) | 1.67 | .343 | |
| Child age | −1.83 (−3.32, −0.35) | 0.75 | .016* | |
| Prematurity and/or developmental delays | 3.65 (−1.66, 8.95) | 2.69 | .176 | |
| Cumulative risks | 0.91 (−0.11, 1.93) | 0.52 | .081+ | |
| Poor sleep health behaviors | 1.42 (−0.02, 2.86) | 0.73 | .054+ | |
| Step 2: ΔR2 = 0.001, F = 0.16, p = .688 | ||||
| Child non-White background | −3.03 (−7.61, 1.52) | 2.31 | .191 | |
| Child female sex | 1.65 (−1.74, 4.88) | 1.68 | .328 | |
| Child age | −1.82 (−3.31, −0.33) | 0.75 | .017* | |
| Prematurity and/or developmental delays | 3.76 (−1.58, 9.11) | 2.71 | .167 | |
| Cumulative risks | 0.63 (−1.09, 2.35) | 0.87 | .470 | |
| Poor sleep health behaviors | 0.99 (−1.59, 3.56) | 1.30 | .451 | |
| Cumulative risks × poor sleep health behaviors | 0.14 (−0.54, 0.81) | 0.40 | .688 | |
|
| ||||
| Global executive functioning problems | ||||
|
| ||||
| Step 1: R2 = 0.07, F = 2.16, p = .049 | b (95% CI) | SE | p | |
| Child non-White background | 1.16 (−3.84, 6.16) | 2.53 | .647 | |
| Child female sex | 3.93 (0.23, 7.63) | 1.87 | .037* | |
| Child age | 0.05 (−1.62, 1.72) | 0.85 | .953 | |
| Prematurity and/or developmental delays | 1.27 (−0.4.71, 7.26) | 3.03 | .675 | |
| Cumulative risks | 0.62 (−0.52, 1.76) | 0.58 | .285 | |
| Poor sleep health behaviors | 1.17 (−0.46, 2.80) | 0.83 | .159 | |
| Step 2: ΔR2 = 0.003, F = 0.56, p = .456 | ||||
| Child non-White background | 1.46 (−3.61, 6.53) | 2.57 | .570 | |
| Child female sex | 4.03 (0.32, 7.75) | 1.88 | .033* | |
| Child age | 0.08 (−1.60, 1.75) | 0.85 | .929 | |
| Prematurity and/or developmental delays | 1.52 (−4.50, 7.55) | 3.05 | .619 | |
| Cumulative risks | 0.05 (−1.86, 1.95) | 0.97 | .963 | |
| Poor sleep health behaviors | 0.27 (−2.63, 3.16) | 1.47 | .857 | |
| Cumulative risks × poor sleep health behaviors | 0.29 (−0.47, 1.04) | 0.38 | .456 | |
Note. CI = confidence interval; SE = standard error. + p<.10 * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001.