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Scheme of mesophyll protoplast fate changes during regeneration on Waddington’s epigenetic landscape. During normal development, cells take on a terminal differentiated fate (down the hill) by progressing from the totipotent and pluripotent state (at the top). Protoplast isolation induces stochastic gene expression, causing a portion of differentiated cells to acquire heterogeneous fates, including totipotency and pluripotency.
