Table 1.

Natural phenolics with pharmacological potential.

Name	Source	Antioxidant stress	Anti-inflammatory	Antiapoptosis	Promote matrix anabolism	Promote proliferation	Signal path	Type of study	References
Resveratrol	Cinnamon bark, gourd, and polygonum cuspidatum	ROS, O2−, MDA↓			Collagen II, aggrecan↑, MMP3/13, ADAMTS-4↓	CCK-8↑	Nrf2/HO‐1	A	[18]
			IL-1β↓	Caspase-3, Bax↓, Bcl-2↑		CCK-8↑	PI3K/AKT	A	[44]
				Caspase-3/9, Bax↓, Bcl-2↑		CCK-8↑	ERK1/2	C	[46]
		ROS↓				CCK-8/EdU↑	ROS/NF-κB	A	[47]
				Flow cytometric analysis↓	Collagen II↑, MMP13, ADAMTS-5↓	CCK-8↑	SIRT1/p21/p16	B	[48]
			TNF-α↓		MMP3↓	CCK-8↑	AMPK/SIRT1	B	[49]
					Collagen II, aggrecan↑, MMP1↓		SIRT1	B	[50, 51]
Coumarin	Solanaceae, Rutaceae, Umbelliferae		COX-2, iNOS, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6↓		Collagen II, aggrecan↑, MMP3/13↓	CCK-8↑	NF-κB	B	[19]
Sparstolonin B	Solanaceae	NOX2↓	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6↓	Caspase-3/9↓		CCK-8↑	NF-κB or PI3K/AKT	A	[62]
Curcumin	Rhizome	SOD↑, ROS, MDA↓		Caspase-3/9, Bax↓, Bcl-2↑	Collagen II, aggrecan↑, MMP3/13, ADAMTS-4/5↓	CCK-8↑	AMPK/mTOR/ULK1	A	[68]
o-Vanillin	Metabolite of curcumin		IL-6, IL-8↓		Collagen II, aggrecan↑, MMP3/13↓		Nrf2 and NF-κB	B	[69]
Honokiol	The leaves of Magnolia plants	ROS↓, SOD↑	COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6↓	Caspase-3/9, Bax↓	Collagen II, SOX-9↑, MMP3/13, ADAMTS-4/5↓	CCK-8↑	NF-κB or NLRP3	A	[74]
		SOD↑, ROS, MDA↓		Caspase-9↓		CCK-8↑	AMPK/PGC-1α/SIRT3	A	[76]
Salvianolic acid B	Salvia miltiorrhiza	ROS, MDA↓, GSH, SOD2↑		Caspase-3, Bax↓, Bcl-2↑		MTT↑	JAK2/STAT3	A	[79]
Tea polyphenols	Green tea	NOX4, ROS↓	iNOS↓		Collagen II, aggrecan SOX-9↑, MMP3↓	CCK-8↑	Keap1/Nrf2/ARE	B	[82]
Pigallocatechin-3-gallate	Green tea		IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10↓	Caspase-3/9, Bax↓, Bcl-2↑		CCK-8, migration↑	cGAS/Sting/NLRP3	B	[84]
Gallic acid	Grape seeds, Chinese rose			Flow cytometric analysis↓	ADAMTS-4↓	CCK-8↑	NF-κB	B	[87]
Sesamin	Sesame seeds		IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, NO, COX-2, PGE2↓		Collagen II↑, MMP-1/3/13, ADAMTS-4/5↓		MAPK	A	[89]

A: rat model of NP in vitro, in vivo. B: human model of NP in vitro. C: pig model of NP in vitro.