Table 4.

Natural terpenoids with pharmacological potential.

Name	Source	Antioxidant stress	Anti-inflammatory	Antiapoptosis	Promote matrix anabolism	Promote proliferation	Signal path	Type of study	References
Andrographolide	Andrographis paniculata		COX-2, PGE2↓	Caspase-3↓	Collagen II, aggrecan↑, MMP3/13, ADAMTS-4/5↓	CCK-8↑	NF-κB	B	[138]
				Caspase-3, Bax↓, Bcl-2↑	MMP3/9/13↓		NF-κB	B	[139]
Glycyrrhizin	Licorice		TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, iNOS↓	Caspase-3/8↓	Collagen II↑	CCK-8↑	p38/p-JUK	B	[141]
CDDO-ethyl amide	Oleanolic acid	ROS↓		Flow cytometric analysis↓		CCK-8↑	MAPK and Nrf2	A	[142]

A: rat model of NP in vitro, in vivo. B: human model of NP in vitro.