Table 5.
Comparison of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus from previously published studies
| Current study | El-Fayoumi et al. (2016) [9] | Akil et al. (2016) [8] | Karti et al. (2017) [10] | Pekel et al. (2018) [11] | Tekin et al. (2018) [12] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Malaysia | Egypt | USA | Turkey | Turkey | Turkey |
| Patients | ||||||
| DM | 41 (34) | 46 (48) | 42 (50) | 30 (50) | 63 (59) | 73 (54) |
| Control | 80 (60) | 50 (52) | 42 (50) | 30 (50) | 44 (41) | 62 (46) |
| Age | ||||||
| DM | 12.34 ± 2.68 | 12.21 ± 3.04 | 13.2 ± 3.10 | 14.2 ± 2.4 | 11.9 ± 3.4 | 12.87 ± 3.59 |
| Control | 12.23 ± 1.92 | 11.04 ± 2.73 | 13.26 ± 2.60 | 13.4 ± 2.2 | 12.3 ± 2.9 | 13.35 ± 5.06 |
| OCT machine used | Cirrus HD (spectral domain) | RTVue Fourier (spectral domain) | Stratus 3000 (time domain) | Cirrus HD (spectral domain) | Cirrus HD (spectral domain) | Spectralis (spectral domain) |
| Age of onset (yr) | 8.73 ± 3.38 | 4.54 ± 2.68 | - | - | - | - |
| Duration (yr) | 3.66 ± 2.78 | 7.7 ± 2.61 | 3.6 ± 3.1 | 5.76 ± 3.13 | 4.5 ± 2.4 | 6.41 ± 3.31 |
| HbA1c | 9.99 ± 2.38 | 8.77 ± 1.73 | 9.7 ± 2.4 | 9.2 ± 2.2 | 9.1 ± 1.8 | 6.33 ± 1.26 |
| Insulin dose (IU/kg/day) | 1.04 ± 0.53 | 1.27 ± 0.38 | - | - | - | - |
| Body mass index | 20.15 ± 5.71 | 20.27 ± 4.69 | - | - | 18.8 ± 3.4 | - |
| Hyperlipidemia | 4 (9.8) | 12 (26.1) | - | - | - | - |
| Nephropathy | 2 (4.9) | 18 (39.1) | - | - | - | - |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Intraocular pressure (mmHg) | 16.83 ± 1.83 | - | 16.7 ± 2.9 | 14.6 ± 3.2 | 17.9 ± 2.8 | - |
| Parameters examined | Macular and RNFL | GCC and RNFL | TMV and CRT | GC-IPL and RNFL | GC-IPL and RNFL | Macular and RNFL |
| Macular (μm) | Macular | GCC | TMV | GC-IPL | GC-IPL | Macular |
| 237.71 ± 22.96 | 95.59 ± 5.13 | 6.68 ± 0.64* | 86.8 ± 5.5 | 86.4 ± 6.7 | 259.86 ± 20.14 | |
| RNFL (μm) | RNFL | RNFL | CRT | RNFL | RNFL | RNFL |
| 98.85 ± 12.05 | 110.99 ± 10.46 | 161.31 ± 27.84 | 102.0 ± 15.5 | 100.5 ± 9.10 | 100.27 ± 9.38 | |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean ± standard deviation.
DM = diabetes mellitus; OCT = optical coherence tomography; HbA1c = glycosylated hemoglobin; IU = international unit; RNFL = retinal nerve fiber layer; GCC = ganglion cell complex; TMV = total macula volume; CRT = central retinal thickness; GC-IPL = ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer.
*
mm3.