Table 2.
Comparisons among groups on demographics, clinical, and behavioural features
| Variable | Overestimators (n = 12) | Accurate estimators (n = 49) | Underestimators (n = 29) | F/χ2 | p value | Adj-pc | η2 or ϕc | Bonferroni-adjusted post-hoc analyses | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | O vs. A (p value) | O vs. U (p value) | A vs. U (p value) | |||||
| Demographics | ||||||||||
| Age | 63.92 (9.38) | 66.73 (9.16) | 67.93 (9.31) | 0.80 | 0.452 | 1.000 | 0.01 | – | – | – |
| Education, years | 11.08 (5.36) | 9.92 (3.92) | 8.62 (3.67) | 1.78 | 0.174 | 1.000 | 0.03 | – | – | – |
| Sex, malea | 7 (58.30%) | 31 (63.30%) | 15 (51.70%) | 1.00 | 0.605 | 1.000 | 0.10 | – | – | – |
| Clinical features | ||||||||||
| Age at onset | 57.67 (11.17) | 61.84 (9.49) | 62.96 (9.39) | 1.28 | 0.283 | 1.000 | 0.02 | – | – | – |
| Disease duration, years | 6.25 (4.75) | 4.90 (2.29) | 5.43 (2.93) | 1.11 | 0.334 | 1.000 | 0.02 | – | – | – |
| UPDRS-III | 27.17 (9.21) | 26.82 (10.21) | 28.29 (8.77) | 0.20 | 0.813 | 1.000 | 0.00 | – | – | – |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage | 2.08 (0.51) | 1.94 (0.37) | 2.07 (0.26) | 1.52 | 0.224 | 1.000 | 0.03 | – | – | – |
| LEDD total (mg/day) | 628.92 (263.45) | 475.22 (215.51) | 541.57 (239.35) | 2.39 | 0.097 | 1.000 | 0.05 | – | – | – |
| LEDDDA (mg/day) | 56.00 (72.45) | 86.80 (125.36) | 49.74 (74.22) | 1.20 | 0.304 | 1.000 | 0.02 | – | – | – |
| LEDDL-DOPA (mg/day) | 535.42 (274.78) | 333.16 (237.13) | 416.00 (269.65) | 3.36 | 0.039 | 0.942 | 0.07 | – | – | – |
| Behavioural measures | ||||||||||
| Fatigue Severity Scale | 3.05 (2.15) | 2.87 (1.68) | 4.65 (1.55) | 10.25 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.19 | 1.000 | 0.024 | < 0.001 |
| Beck Depression Inventory | 6.23 (7.03) | 6.65 (6.53) | 13.83 (6.85) | 11.54 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.21 | 1.000 | 0.004 | < 0.001 |
| Parkinson Anxiety Scale | 10.17 (9.01) | 9.14 (7.82) | 17.34 (9.52) | 8.65 | < 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.16 | 1.000 | 0.049 | < 0.001 |
| Apathy Evaluation Scale | 28.90 (9.36) | 32.00 (7.34) | 32.28 (7.30) | 0.80 | 0.451 | 1.000 | 0.01 | – | – | – |
| Parkinson’s disease sleep scale | 114.91 (18.67) | 117.48 (23.71) | 110.33 (20.93) | 0.79 | 0.454 | 1.000 | 0.02 | – | – | – |
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale | 7.29 (5.86) | 5.03 (3.65) | 6.40 (4.14) | 1.92 | 0.152 | 1.000 | 0.04 | – | – | – |
| Cognitive assessment | ||||||||||
| MoCA total scoreb | 16.43 (5.10) | 23.12 (3.23) | 23.84 (3.56) | 19.46 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.30 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 1.000 |
| MoCA subscoresb | ||||||||||
| Memory | 0.58 (0.99) | 1.55 (1.60) | 1.14 (1.30) | 2.38 | 0.098 | 1.000 | 0.05 | – | – | – |
| Visuospatial abilities | 0.49 (1.25) | 0.79 (1.37) | 0.56 (1.51) | 0.35 | 0.699 | 1.000 | 0.00 | – | – | – |
| Executive functions | 0.47 (2.22) | 0.86 (1.78) | 0.75 (1.61) | 0.23 | 0.793 | 1.000 | 0.00 | – | – | – |
| Attention, and WM | 4.03 (1.55) | 5.13 (0.85) | 5.22 (0.85) | 7.19 | 0.001 | 0.030 | 0.14 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 1.000 |
| Language | 2.99 (1.64) | 3.29 (1.57) | 3.20 (1.42) | 0.18 | 0.833 | 1.000 | 0.00 | – | – | – |
| Orientation | 5.36 (0.74) | 5.88 (0.41) | 5.72 (0.65) | 4.48 | 0.014 | 0.335 | 0.09 | – | – | – |
| PD-CFRS score | 0.83 (0.93) | 1.24 (1.86) | 5.07 (3.44) | 25.77 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.37 | 1.000 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Statistically significant differences are shown in bold
ϕc Cramér’s V, η2 partial eta squared, SD standard deviation, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, LEDD levodopa equivalent daily dose, O overestimators, A accurate estimators, U underestimators, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, PD-CFRS Parkinson’s Disease Cognitive Functional Rating Scale
aCategorical variable
bAdjusted according to age, education, or sex
cAdj-p represents p value corrected for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni procedure