Table 1.
Participant characteristics (n = 635)
| Characteristics | Total | Males (n = 398, 62.7%) | Females (n = 237, 37.3%) | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (n, %) | - | |||
| Age | 51.7 (50.8–52.7) | 50.3 (49.1–51.4) | 54.3 (52.7–56.0) | < 0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.4 (26.1–26.7) | 26.7 (26.3–27.2) | 25.9 (25.3–26.4) | 0.01 |
| DM duration (years) | 5.8 (5.4–6.3) | 5.7 (5.1–6.3) | 6.1 (5.3–6.9) | 0.49 |
| Smoking (n, %) | 216 (34.0) | 197 (49.5) | 19 (8.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 388 (61.1) | 245 (61.6) | 143 (60.3) | 0.76 |
| Hyperuricaemia (n, %) | 98 (15.4) | 62 (15.6) | 36 (15.2) | 0.90 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.5 (8.3–8.6) | 8.4 (8.2–8.6) | 8.6 (8.4–8.9) | 0.13 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.00 (4.91–5.10) | 4.87 (4.76–4.99) | 5.22 (5.07–5.38) | < 0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.81 (1.72–1.91) | 1.88 (1.75–2.01) | 1.70 (1.58–1.83) | 0.08 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.12 (1.10–1.14) | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | 1.19 (1.16–1.23) | < 0.0001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.12 (3.05–3.20) | 3.00 (2.92–3.09) | 3.33 (3.21–3.46) | < 0.0001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 104.52 (103.72–105.32) | 105.03 (104.02–106.05) | 103.66 (102.37–104.97) | 0.10 |
| SUA (μmol/L) | 303.6 (296.9–310.4) | 321.4 (312.5–330.6) | 275.8 (266.8–285.1) | < 0.0001 |
| UEUA (mg/24 h/1.73 m2) | 312.07 (296.74–328.20) | 316.42 (294.34–340.16) | 304.89 (287.31–323.56) | 0.48 |
| CLUA (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 4.25 (4.02–4.49) | 4.07 (3.76–4.40) | 4.57 (4.28–4.87) | 0.08 |
| UEGL (g/24 h) | 2.48 (2.11–2.91) | 3.91 (3.25–4.71) | 1.15 (0.87–1.51) | < 0.0001 |
| Urine volume (L/24 h) | 2.2 (2.2–2.3) | 2.2 (2.1–2.3) | 2.3 (2.2–2.4) | 0.08 |
Continuous and categorical variables are expressed as geometric means (95% confidence intervals) and as percentages, respectively
BMI body mass index, DM diabetes mellitus, HbA1c haemoglobin A1c, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, SUA serum uric acid, UEUA urinary excretion rate of uric acid, CLUA renal clearance of uric acid, UEGL urinary excretion rate of glucose
aAnalysis of covariance or chi-square test