Table 2.
Serum concentrations of biochemical parameters at baseline and after EPA and DHA supplementation1.
| Baseline | EPA | ∆EPA from baseline2 | DHA | ∆DHA from baseline2 | FDR-∆EPA vs. ∆DHA3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.03 ± 0.20 | 4.11 ± 0.18 | 0.08 ± 0.20 | 4.16 ± 0.22 | 0.12 ± 0.17* | 0.36 |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 6.60 ± 0.30 | 6.71 ± 0.33 | 0.10 ± 0.31 | 6.78 ± 0.38 | 0.17 ± 0.31 | 0.36 |
| SGPT (mU/mL) | 6.48 ± 2.99 | 7.87 ± 3.20 | 1.33 ± 3.94 | 8.10 ± 3.95 | 1.62 ± 3.53 | 0.64 |
| SGOT (mU/mL) | 12.38 ± 3.34 | 13.24 ± 3.97 | 0.86 ± 3.18 | 13.57 ± 3.38 | 1.19 ± 2.56 | 0.82 |
| LDH (U/L) | 110.62 ± 21.37 | 120.38 ± 22.28 | 9.76 ± 17.18* | 118.33 ± 21.44 | 7.71 ± 15.14 | 0.35 |
| ALP (U/L) | 58.90 ± 16.62 | 61.71 ± 18.52 | 2.81 ± 10.91 | 57.76 ± 17.60 | − 1.14 ± 10.10 | 0.07 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 16.43 ± 4.23 | 15.43 ± 3.68 | − 1.00 ± 2.57 | 16.38 ± 5.17 | − 0.05 ± 3.17 | 0.46 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)4 | 0.87 ± 0.19 | 0.89 ± 0.19 | 0.01 ± 0.08 | 0.89 ± 0.19 | 0.02 ± 0.19 | 0.79 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 98.43 ± 8.07 | 100.29 ± 7.29 | 1.86 ± 5.75 | 98.95 ± 9.19 | 0.52 ± 6.10 | 0.35 |
| NEFA (mmol/L) | 0.18 ± 0.09 | 0.21 ± 0.13 | 0.03 ± 0.09 | 0.20 ± 0.13 | 0.02 ± 0.11 | 0.70 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL)4 | 5.86 ± 1.34 | 5.79 ± 1.41 | − 0.07 ± 0.76 | 5.79 ± 1.30 | − 0.07 ± 0.83 | 0.77 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.56 ± 0.17 | 0.59 ± 0.19 | 0.03 ± 0.17 | 0.58 ± 0.16 | 0.02 ± 0.19 | 0.88 |
1Values are reported as unadjusted mean ± SD. To correct for skewed distribution, log-transformation was applied before analysis.
2Comparison of changes from baseline to EPA or DHA was assessed using a liner mixed-effects model.FDR-adjusted P values; *FDR < 0.05.
3Pairwise comparison between EPA and DHA (changes form baseline) were conducted using the lsmeansLT function from the lmerTest package for the linear mixed effect model.
4Creatinine (p = 0.0231) and uric acid (p = 0.04) showed a significant sequence effect; therefore, only data from the first period was used to run ANCOVA analysis, with baseline value as a covariate.
SGPT, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; SGOT, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids.