Table 2.
Fatty acid composition (%) of palm pressed fiber phospholipids (PPF-PL) and structured phospholipids (SPL) produced with ω-3 fatty acid concentrate from various sources of fish oils
| Fatty acid | By-product of Sardine Meal Processing | By-product of Tuna Canning Processing | By-product of Tuna Meal Processing | By-product of Sardine Canning Processing | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish oil | Concentrate | Fish oil | Concentrate | Fish oil | Concentrate | Fish oil | Concentrate | |
| C8:0 | nd | Nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| C10:0 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| C12:0 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.59 ± 0.02 | 0.66 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 0.38 ± 0.01 |
| C14:0 | 11.57 ± 0.32 | nd | 4.29 ± 0.23 | 4.80 ± 0.34 | 4.36 ± 0.03 | 3.68 ± 0.43 | 12.88 ± 0.43 | nd |
| C16:0 | 15.54 ± 0.65 | 20.67 ± 0.65 | 25.15 ± 2.25 | 5.47 ± 0.43 | 7.44 ± 0.15 | 10.62 ± 0,51 | 26.29 ± 0.43 | nd |
| C16:1 | 24.62 ± 0.71 | 6.92 ± 0.21 | 7.21 ± 0.26 | 12.21 ± 0.67 | 24.64 ± 1.41 | 4.05 ± 0.03 | 15.04 ± 0.52 | 10.26 ± 0.52 |
| C18:0 | 12.00 ± 0.08 | 15.97 ± 0.67 | 8.54 ± 0.32 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 21.15 ± 1.06 | 26.35 ± 0.65 | 5.43 ± 0.02 | 22.44 ± 0.65 |
| C18:1 | 3.42 ± 0.21 | 5.69 ± 0.12 | 21.7 ± 0.98 | 26.97 ± 0.87 | 8.50 ± 0.43 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 5.43 ± 0.03 | 5.68 ± 0.23 |
| C18:2 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
| C18:3 | nd | 0.26 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.29 ± 0.00 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.35 ± 0.00 |
| C20:0 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 |
| C20:2 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
| C20:5 (EPA) | 17.60 ± 0.24 | 27.81 ± 0.32 | 6.48 ± 0.31 | 12.23 ± 0.96 | 7.24 ± 0.43 | 11.63 ± 046 | 19.11 ± 0.32 | 34.08 ± 0.27 |
| C22:2 | 3.21 ± 0.23 | 3.85 ± 0.32 | 2.19 ± 0.24 | 2.15 ± 0.25 | 0.47 ± 0.09 | 1.15 ± 0.01 | 3.14 ± 0.08 | 4.63 ± 0.08 |
| C22:3 | 0.7 ± 0.03 | 1.14 ± 0.08 | 0.25 ± 0.00 | 0.59 ± 0.02 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.00 | 0.72 ± 0.02 | 1.33 ± 0.02 |
| C22:6 (DHA) | 10.84 ± 0.35 | 17.30 ± 0.87 | 23.73 ± 1.21 | 33.84 ± 1.26 | 25.43 ± 0.96 | 41.17 ± 1.21 | 11.36 ± 0.12 | 20.58 ± 0.98 |
| EPA + DHA | 28.43 ± 0.27 | 45.12 ± 1.19 | 30.21 ± 1.52 | 46.07 ± 2.22 | 32.67 ± 1.93 | 52.80 ± 1.67 | 30.46 ± 0.44 | 54.66 ± 1.25 |
| Saturated Fatty Acid | 39.41 ± 1.05 | 36.89 ± 1.34 | 38.16 ± 2.8 | 11.19 ± 0.80 | 33.72 ± 1.75 | 40.87 ± 1.08 | 44.83 ± 0.88 | 22.90 ± 0.66 |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | 60.40 ± 1.77 | 63.02 ± 1.92 | 61.70 ± 3.00 | 88.53 ± 4.06 | 66.76 ± 3.33 | 58.94 ± 1.71 | 54.98 ± 1.09 | 76.94 ± 2.10 |
| EPA + DHA Enrichment | 1.59 | 1.52 | 1.62 | 1.79 | ||||
| Fatty acid | PPF PL | SPL-TC | SPL-TM | SPL-SC | SPL-SM | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C8:0 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | nd | nd | nd | nd | |||
| C10:0 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | nd | nd | nd | nd | |||
| C12:0 | 3.34 ± 0.08 | 1.81 ± 0.01 | 2.22 ± 0.23 | 1.63 ± 0.04 | 2.28 ± 0.04 | |||
| C14:0 | 2.25 ± 0.06 | 5.65 ± 0.08 | 5.53 ± 0.87 | 9.89 ± 0.52 | 9.57 ± 0.42 | |||
| C16:0 | 39.61 ± 0.43 | 10.45 ± 0.42 | 13.28 ± 0.98 | 14.50 ± 0.16 | 18.42 ± 0.67 | |||
| C16:1 | 0.64 ± 0.01 | 13.20 ± 0.54 | 9.20 ± 0.65 | 13.98 ± 0.43 | 12.26 ± 0.65 | |||
| C18:0 | 2.93 ± 0.04 | 6.04 ± 0.05 | 13.47 ± 0.54 | 5.25 ± 0.04 | 4.17 ± 0.21 | |||
| C18:1 | 49.79 ± 0.98 | 23.85 ± 0.98 | 16.73 ± 0.87 | 20.62 ± 0.97 | 25.85 ± 0.043 | |||
| C18:2 | 0.30 ± 0.00 | 1.38 ± 0.02 | 0.56 ± 0.02 | 1.78 ± 0.01 | 2.68 ± 0.07 | |||
| C18:3 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 6.77 ± 0.08 | 3.03 ± 0.01 | 4.77 ± 0.06 | 3.49 ± 0.04 | |||
| C20:0 | 0.36 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd | |||
| C20:2 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |||
| C20:5 (EPA) | nd | 11.11 ± 0.11 | 10.94 ± 0.42 | 17.04 ± 0.08 | 14.71 ± 0.54 | |||
| C22:2 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |||
| C22:3 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |||
| C22:6 (DHA) | nd | 19.34 ± 0.65 | 25.03 ± 1.26 | 10.54 ± 0.99 | 6.58 ± 0.97 | |||
| EPA + DHA | nd | |||||||
| Saturated Fatty Acid | 49.06 ± 0.63 | 23.95 ± 0.56 | 34.50 ± 2.82 | 31.27 ± 0.76 | 34.44 ± 1.34 | |||
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | 50.94 ± 0.99 | 75.65 ± 2.38 | 65.49 ± 3.23 | 68.73 ± 2.54 | 65.57 ± 2.31 | |||
| EPA + DHA Enrichment |
nd not detected
Structured phospholipids produced with ω-3 fatty acid concentrate from by-product of:
SPL-TC, tuna canning processing; SPL-TM, tuna meal processing; SPL-SC, sardine canning processing; SPL-SM, sardine meal processing