Fig. 2. Environmental factors drive the Tanzanian microbial compositions.

a Dendrogram of samples based on Jensen-Shannon distances between species relative abundances. b Three clusters are determined based on dendrogram height. c Multidimensional scaling (MDS) of cohort. d Cluster dependence on anthropometric variables (Chi-square test with unadjusted P-values <0.05), of which eight most associated are shown: enterotype, age interval, gender, Ascomycota presence, cattle exposure, fuel type, residency, and drinking water quality. e Changes in phyla abundance with selected variables using Maaslin2 (two-tailed t-test, P_FDR < 0.25). Radar plots span the 5 and 95% percentiles of relative abundances for each phylum (*P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001 for exact P-values). f Dietary factors significantly associated with microbiome clusters, residency, and presence of fungi (P < 0.05, Chi-square test or Kruskal–Wallis test, “Methods”). Ranges on the y-axis indicate weekly frequency or type of consumed food or drink. Source data are provided in the Source data file.