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. 2021 Aug 11;11:16362. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95827-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of metformin on the level of autophagyin DN kidneys. (a) The level of P62 was measured using immunohistochemistry under a microscope. Scale bar represents 50 μm. (b) Expression of LC3 I and LC3 II based on immunoblotting and normalized to β-actin. The boxes indicate images from different gels, but the samples derived from the same experiment and blots were processed in parallel. (c) Statistical analysis of the expression of P62 and LC3 II/LC3 I in each group. *P < 0.01 vs. 4-week Sham group and 12-week Sham group by ANOVA, ^#P < 0.01 vs. 4-week DN group and 12-week DN group by ANOVA, ^$P < 0.05 vs. 4-week DN/DN + Met group by ANOVA. 4W: 4-week; 12W: 12-week; Met: metformin. Full-length blots were presented in Supplementary Figures.