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. 2021 Aug 11;11:16313. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95659-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time-dependent alterations in vigilance and sleep stages during the light phase. (a) Sleep latency of each group. Latency was defined as the time between the cage change procedure and the first non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep that lasted longer than 5 min. (b,c) The amount of wake and NREM states in each hour. Data from the unchanged control (TH-Veh), cage change control (CC-Veh), cage change positive control (CC-DIPH), and cage change PS150-treated (CC-PS150) groups are colored black, blue, orange, and violet, respectively. (d) The relative intensity of NREM-delta power in each hour. (e) Accumulated amount of REM states in each hour. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 7–9). For sleep latency, data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. For the effect of treatment in each hour, data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. (*p < 0.05, compared to TH-Veh; ^#p < 0.05, compared to CC-Veh. ^&p < 0.05, compared to CC-Veh and CC-PS150).