Table 4. Study selection criteria.

Domain	Criteria
	Definition of mortality rate	Age at mortality
Date range	1900–2020	1900–2020
Geographical scope	Global	Global
Type	Peer-reviewed journal article, including original research, secondary data analysis, method articles and reviews	Peer reviewed journal article, including original research, secondary data analysis and reviews.
Specific details	Defined or reported on mortality rates for explicit age groups, including those reporting on specific diseases. Articles that defined mortality based on events, such as ear-tagging or weaning, were excluded if the typical or average age at these events were not reported.	Reported incidence of all-cause mortality by age. Articles that reported mortality rates within study cohorts but did not aim specifically to monitor or explore mortality, or articles citing published mortality rates as part of study backgrounds were excluded.
Exclusions	Abstract unavailable Full text unavailable	Abstract unavailable Full text unavailable Cause-specific mortality rates Data from laboratory-based settings that are unlikely to be replicated in the field.
Language	English only	All languages as long as specific details on study design and age at mortality were able to be translated using Google Translate.