Table 1.
Scale items, meaning domains, and factor loadings
| Items | EFA | CFA | CR | AVE | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PES | RUS | λ1 | ℓ21 | λ2 | ℓ22 | H | |||
| Purpose/enjoyment scale (PES) | – | – | – | – | 0.90 | 0.80 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.55 |
| What I study at school is consistent with my life goal | 0.95 | − 0.15 | 0.68 | 0.46 | – | – | – | – | – |
| I believe the things I learn at school will help me in my life | 0.80 | − 0.05 | 0.71 | 0.51 | – | – | – | – | – |
| In general, I feel good about my school life | 0.73 | 0.01 | 0.76 | 0.58 | – | – | – | – | – |
| I get excited in learning new things at school | 0.71 | 0.13 | 0.73 | 0.54 | – | – | – | – | – |
| I enjoy my school life, both the academic and social aspects | 0.67 | 0.17 | 0.82 | 0.67 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Responsible understanding scale (RUS) | – | – | – | – | 0.84 | 0.71 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.51 |
| I can make sense of all my failures and setbacks | − 0.26 | 0.87 | 0.62 | 0.39 | – | – | – | – | – |
| I am fully aware of the importance of education in my life | 0.12 | 0.72 | 0.77 | 0.59 | – | – | – | – | – |
| I am accountable for the consequences of what I do and say at school | 0.18 | 0.68 | 0.75 | 0.56 | – | – | – | – | – |
| I take full responsibility of my academic achievement | 0.23 | 0.68 | 0.73 | 0.54 | – | – | – | – | – |
| I know my own strengths and weaknesses in choosing my career | 0.15 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.49 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Overall student meaning scale | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.87 | ||
Factor loadings over .55 appear in bold.
EFA exploratory factor analyses, CFA confirmatory factor analysis, CR composite reliability, AVE average variance extracted (AVE), H latent construct reliability estimate, λ1 item loadings for first-order factors, ℓ21 indicator reliability for first-order factor items, λ2 first-order factor loading for second-order factor, ℓ22 indicator reliability for second-order factor indicators.