Table 3.
Anthropometric, blood, and urine parameters before, during, and after 19 days of Bahá'í fasting (BF).
|
Reference
range |
V0 | V1 | V2 | V3 |
Friedmann
main analysis |
V1 vs. V0 | V1 vs. V2 | V2 vs. V0 | V3 vs. V0 | V1 vs. V3 | V2 vs. V3 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ2 (3) | p | z | p | z | p | z | p | z | p | z | p | z | p | ||||||
| Weight, kg | 75.3 (19.4) | 72.75 (21.8) | 74.2 (20.9) | 75.8 (18.8) | 18.027 | <0.001 | 4.180 | <0.001 | −2.114 | 0.207 | 2.067 | 0.233 | 1.644 | 0.601 | −2.536 | 0.067 | −0.423 | 1.000 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.52 (6.18) | 24.24 (6.23) | 24.52 (5.71) | 24.43 (5.3) | 17.74 | <0.001 | 3.983 | <0.001 | 2.359 | <0.001 | 2.342 | 0.019 | 2.069 | 0.039 | 1.428 | 0.153 | 0.239 | 0.811 | |
| WHR | 0.895 (0.13) | 0.92 (0.13) | 0.88 (0.09) | 0.87 (0.14) | 30.526 | <0.001 | 0.892 | 1.000 | −2.771 | 0.034 | 1.879 | 0.362 | 4.086 | <0.001 | −4.978 | <0.001 | −2.207 | 0.164 | |
| Body fat, kg | 19.1 (13.48) | 19.05 (12.7) | 19.25 (12.98) | 18.25 (13.55) | 31.83 | <0.001 | 4.36 | <0.001 | 2.248 | 0.025 | 3.359 | 0.001 | 3.915 | <0.001 | 0.53 | 0.596 | 1.103 | 0.27 | |
| Body water, l | 38.7 (13.5) | 38.95 (15.8) | 38.5 (13.1) | 39 (13.4) | 9.107 | 0.028 | 0.282 | 1.000 | −0.845 | 1.000 | 1.127 | 1.000 | 2.724 | 0.039 | −2.442 | 0.088 | −1.597 | 0.662 | |
| BCM, kg | 29.8 (10.25) | 29.7 (12.17) | 29.83 (10.92) | 29.7 (10) | 13.823 | 0.006 | 1.409 | 0.953 | −2.667 | 0.045 | 1.268 | 1.000 | 2.020 | 0.261 | −3.429 | 0.004 | −0.751 | 1.000 | |
| BMR, kcal/d | 1,626 (422.25) | 1,612 (410.0) | 1,617 (404.75) | 1,604 (383.25) | 23.01 | <0.001 | 4.496 | <0.001 | 3.411 | 0.001 | 1.958 | 0.05 | 2.043 | 0.041 | 1.983 | 0.047 | 0.128 | 0.898 | |
| SBP, mmHg | 120 (25) | 120 (21) | 115 (20) | 120 (20) | 12.229 | 0.007 | 1.503 | 0.797 | −1.409 | 0.953 | 2.912 | 0.022 | 0.094 | 1.000 | −1.409 | 0.953 | −2.818 | 0.029 | |
| DBP, mmHg | 80 (10) | 70 (10) | 70 (10) | 75 (10) | 13.246 | 0.004 | 2.959 | 0.019 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 2.959 | 0.019 | 2.160 | 0.184 | −0.798 | 1.000 | −0.798 | 1.000 | |
| Hematocrit | 0.395–0.505 | 0.416 (0.036) | 0.40 (0.05) | 0.41 (0.03) | 0.408 (0.042) | 11.620 | 0.009 | 3.006 | 0.016 | −2.818 | 0.029 | 0.188 | 1.000 | 1.127 | 1.000 | −1.879 | 0.362 | −0.939 | 1.000 |
| Glucose, mg/dl | 60–110 | 84.0 (12.5) | 72.5 (7.75) | 84.0 (9.75) | 84.71 (13.25) | 43.45 | <0.001 | 4.59 | <0.001 | 4.915 | <0.001 | 0.658 | 0.51 | 1.325 | 0.185 | 4.958 | <0.001 | 0.932 | 0.351 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol Hb | <42.0 | 33.3 (4.4) | 32.75 (5.23) | 31.65 (5.4) | 33.16 (5.12) | 48.92 | <0.001 | 1.222 | 0.222 | 4.838 | <0.001 | 4.471 | <0.001 | 3.368 | 0.001 | 3.069 | 0.002 | 4.428 | <0.001 |
| Fructosamine, μmol/l | 205–285 | 243.5 (24) | 253 (32) | 248 (22) | 248 (17) | 32.056 | <0.001 | 5.401 | <0.001 | −2.630 | 0.051 | 2.771 | 0.034 | 4.039 | <0.001 | −1.362 | 1.000 | −1.268 | 1.000 |
| 3-OH-B, mmol/l | 0.18 (0.3) | 0.15 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0 (0.2) | 5.000 | 0.172 | |||||||||||||
| HDL, mg/dl | >45 | 58.5 (25) | 58.5 (19) | 58 (23) | 56 (17) | 10.495 | 0.015 | 0.094 | 1.000 | −0.047 | 1.000 | 0.141 | 1.000 | 2.489 | 0.077 | −2.583 | 0.059 | −2.630 | 0.051 |
| LDL, mg/dl | <130 | 119 (43) | 115.5 (47) | 117 (45) | 119 (33) | 2.063 | 0.559 | ||||||||||||
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.70–1.20 | 0.765 (0.21) | 0.80 (0.19) | 0.81 (0.24) | 0.80 (0.21) | 7.410 | 0.060 | ||||||||||||
| Cystatin C, mg/l | 0.47–1.09 | 0.88 (0.2) | 0.89 (0.16) | 0.9 (0.14) | 0.92 (0.21) | 6.960 | 0.073 | ||||||||||||
| GFR (CKD-EPI) | 91 (0) | 91 (0) | 91 (1) | 91 (36) | 1.943 | 0.584 | |||||||||||||
| pNa+, mmol/l | 136–145 | 141 (36) | 142 (36) | 142 (36) | 141 (3) | 3.884 | 0.274 | ||||||||||||
| pK+, mmol/l | 3.4–4.5 | 4.0 (0.4) | 3.8 (0.4) | 4.1 (0.3) | 4.0 (0.4) | 16.111 | 0.001 | 1.315 | 1.000 | −3.851 | 0.001 | 2.536 | 0.067 | 0.282 | 1.000 | −1.597 | 0.662 | −2.254 | 0.145 |
| cNa+, mmol/l | 136–145 | 142 (36) | 142 (36) | 141.5 (3) | 141 (3) | 6.683 | 0.083 | ||||||||||||
| cK+, mmol/l | 3.3–5.1 | 4.0 (0.3) | 3.8 (0.4) | 4.1 (0.3) | 4.0 (0.2) | 10.867 | 0.012 | 1.221 | 1.000 | −2.771 | 0.034 | 1.550 | 0.727 | 1.362 | 1.000 | −2.583 | 0.059 | −0.188 | 1.000 |
| pOsmolality, mosmol/kg | 280–300 | 289.5 (4.0) | 284.0 (11.0) | 291.5 (4.75) | 289.0 (7.5) | 18.6 | <0.001 | 3.112 | 0.002 | 4.035 | <0.001 | 2.06 | 0.039 | 0.402 | 0.688 | 2.821 | 0.005 | 2.000 | 0.045 |
| uOsmolality, 24 h, mosmol/kg | 50–1,400 | 454.0 (237.0) | 380.0 (190.0) | 448.06 (173.26) | 13.91 | <0.001 | 2.419 | 0.016 | 2.376 | 0.017 | 0.282 | 0.778 | |||||||
| uOsmolality, d−12 h, mosmol/kg | 50–1,400 | 413.0 (195.5) | 352.5 (162.75) | 417.5 (196.36) | 6.18 | 0.0456 | 1.658 | 0.097 | 2.676 | 0.007 | 1.265 | 0.206 | |||||||
| uOsmolality, n−12 h, mosmol/kg | 50–1,400 | 560.0 (353.75) | 406.0 (292.25) | 524.5 (294.25) | 14.51 | <0.001 | 2.753 | 0.006 | 3.009 | 0.003 | 0.342 | 0.732 | |||||||
Data are given as the median and interquartile range (IQR). n = 34 for V0, V1, V2, V3; BMI, body mass index; BCM, body cell mass; RMR, resting metabolic rate; SBP/DBP, systolic/diastolic blood pressure; 3-OH-B, 3-Hydroxy-Butyrate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; pNa+/pK+, plasma Na+/K+; cNa+/pK+, capillary Na+/K+; pOsmolality, plasma osmolality; uOsmolality, urine osmolality; d−12 h, urine sample 6:00 a.m.−6:00 p.m.; n−12 h, 6:00 p.m.−6:00 a.m.; V0: before BF; V1: during third week of BF; V2: 3 weeks after BF; V3: 3 months after BF.