TABLE 4.

Summary of dietary interventions with dietary fibers to regulate gut health and alleviate metabolic syndrome in pig model and humans

Subject of study	Types of dietary fibers	Prebiotic response	References
Pig	Wheat, barley	Colon weight	Serena et al. (2008)
Pig	Sunflower meal, sugar beet pulp, wheat fiber	Intestine weight, amylase activity	Bikker et al. (2006)
Pig	Pearl barley	Colon weight	Hopwood et al. (2004)
Pig	Sugar beet pulp	Gut morphology	Schiavon et al. (2004)
Pig	Corn bran, wheat bran	Enzyme activity	Chen et al. (2014)
Pig	Wheat bran, pea fiber	Tight junction protein and toll‐like receptor expression	Chen et al. (2013)
Pig	Pea fiber	Colonic mucin level	Che et al. (2014)
Pig	Arabinoxylan	Goblet cell number and sIgA secretion	Chen et al. (2015)
Pig	Chicory fiber	HSP27 expression	Liu et al. (2012)
Pig	Resistant starch	Mucin secretion	Zhou et al. (2016)
Pig	Corn bran, wheat bran	Mucin‐2 expression	Vila (2017)
Hypercholesterolemic patient	β‐glucan from oat bran	Serum cholesterol	Kerckhoffs et al. (2003)
Healthy individual	Cereal fiber	Serum cholesterol	Jarrar et al. (2019)
Healthy individual	Resistant starch	Inulin sensitivity	Giles et al. (2019)
Younger and middle‐aged patient	Cereal fiber with low glucose index	Alleviate type Ⅱ diabetes	Schulze et al. (2004)
Diabetic patient	Whole grain	GLP‐1 expression, hemoglobin A1c levels	Zhao et al. (2018)
Diabetic patient	Whole grain	Plasma glucose, insulin, and ghrelin responses	Silva et al. (2015)
Healthy individual	Whole grain	Glycemic control	Venn and Mann (2004)
Healthy individual	Barley Kernel‐based bread	Gut hormones and insulin sensitivity index	Nilsson et al. (2015)
Nonobese healthy individual	Oligofructose	Hormones to regulate appetite	Pedersen et al. (2013)
Nonobese healthy individual	Fruits and vegetables	Limit long‐term weight gain	Mozaffarian et al. (2011)
Obese patient	Inulin	Serum triglyceride and IL‐6	Nicolucci et al. (2017)

Abbreviations: CRC, colorectal cancer; GLP‐1, glucagon‐like peptide‐1; HSP, heat shock protein; IL‐6, interleukin‐6.