TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the 85-year old subjects included in the study according to successful aging.
|
Non-successful aging (n = 87)
|
Successful aging (n = 48) | P1 | P2 | |||
| First degree (n = 28) | Second degree (n = 23) | Third degree (n = 36) | ||||
| Females [n (%)] | 22 (78.6) | 18 (78.3) | 23 (63.9) | 24 (50.0) | 0.009 | 0.033 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136.68 ± 16.57 | 137.52 ± 16.59 | 135.14 ± 20.74 | 137.56 ± 16.68 | 0.591 | 0.932 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.43 ± 10.84 | 71.04 ± 9.33 | 70.64 ± 11 | 71.4 ± 11.17 | 0.874 | 0.938 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 28.76 ± 5.48 | 28.22 ± 4.83 | 29.85 ± 3.99 | 28.58 ± 4.12 | 0.226 | 0.498 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.37 ± 1.48 | 5.56 ± 1.85 | 5.81 ± 1.82 | 5.83 ± 0.98 | 0.498 | 0.567 |
| HbA1C (%) | 6.35 ± 1.58 | 6.01 ± 1.06 | 6.08 ± 0.91 | 5.89 ± 0.56 | 0.393 | 0.303 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.35 ± 0.56 | 1.56 ± 0.64 | 1.32 ± 0.57 | 1.24 ± 0.6 | 0.056 | 0.216 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.12 ± 1.14 | 5.09 ± 1.26 | 4.66 ± 0.75 | 5.24 ± 0.85 | 0.069 | 0.053 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.48 ± 0.34 | 1.32 ± 0.4 | 1.39 ± 0.3 | 1.62 ± 0.45 | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.03 ± 1.03 | 3.08 ± 1.17 | 2.67 ± 0.67 | 3.06 ± 0.73 | 0.218 | 0.165 |
| Tobacco consumption [n (%)] | 0.151 | 0.183 | ||||
| Current smokers | 1 (3.6) | 1 (4.34) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Former smokers | 3 (10.7) | 3 (13.0) | 10 (27.8) | 15 (31.2) | ||
| Creatinin (mg/dL) | 77.82 ± 19.26 | 100.35 ± 62.2 | 101.86 ± 31.45 | 82.75 ± 20.91 | 0.019 | 0.008 |
| Glomerular filtration (mL/min) | 57.42 ± 7.02 | 52.94 ± 14.6 | 51.04 ± 10.37 | 58.22 ± 5.72 | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Functional, cognitive and nutritional indexes | ||||||
| BARTHEL | 93.04 ± 6.43 | 72.61 ± 24.58 | 62.36 ± 27.03 | 98.54 ± 2.3 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| BARTHEL > 90 | 16 (57.1) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0) | 48 (100) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| LAWTON | 6.07 ± 1.72 | 3.78 ± 2.13 | 1.89 ± 1.7 | 6.9 ± 1.37 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| LAWTON > 7 (women) | 14 (63.4) | 3 (16.7) | 0 (0) | 24 (100) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| LAWTON > 4 (men) | 4 (66.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 24 (100) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| MEC | 28.18 ± 4.78 | 26.3 ± 5.47 | 16.08 ± 5.49 | 31.29 ± 2.76 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| MEC > 24 | 22 (78.6) | 18 (78.2) | 0 (0) | 48 (100) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| MNA | 25.38 ± 1.88 | 20.78 ± 4.04 | 22.29 ± 2.9 | 26.74 ± 2.95 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| MNA > 23.5 | 24 (85.7) | 7 (30.4) | 13 (36.1) | 43 (89.6) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia [n (%)] | 13 (46.4) | 11 (47.8) | 14 (38.9) | 8 (16.7) | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| Diabetes [n (%)] | 10 (35.7) | 6 (26.1) | 19 (52.8) | 12 (25.0) | 0.126 | 0.075 |
| Years of evolution | 13 ± 8.33 | 16 ± 8.29 | 13.89 ± 5.47 | 8.58 ± 4.4 | 0.027 | 0.075 |
| History of CVD [n (%)] | 11 (39.3) | 15 (65.2) | 32 (88.9) | 12 (25.0) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 3 (10.7) | 5 (21.7) | 10 (27.8) | 6 (12.5) | 0.234 | 0.205 |
| Heart failure | 4 (14.3) | 12 (52.2) | 8 (22.2) | 2 (4.2) | 0.001 | <0.0001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1 (3.6) | 1 (4.3) | 5 (13.9) | 1 (2.1) | 0.16 | 0.125 |
| Stroke | 4 (14.3) | 9 (39.1) | 16 (44.4) | 4 (8.3) | 0.001 | <0.0001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 4 (14.3) | 5 (21.7) | 7 (19.4) | 3 (6.25) | 0.052 | 0.221 |
| Chronic renal failure [n (%)] | 0 (0) | 3 (13.0) | 3 (8.3) | 3 (6.25) | 0.885 | 0.298 |
| Medication [n (%)] | ||||||
| Psychotropic | 9 (32.1) | 16 (69.6) | 21 (58.3) | 12 (25.0) | 0.002 | <0.0001 |
| Cardiac dysrhythmia medication | 3 (10.7) | 5 (21.7) | 6 (16.7) | 6 (12.5) | 0.574 | 0.671 |
| Statins | 14 (50) | 10 (43.5) | 18 (50) | 11 (22.9) | 0.004 | 0.034 |
| ACE Inhibitors | 16 (57.1) | 10 (43.5) | 17 (47.2) | 14 (29.2) | 0.023 | 0.098 |
| Angiotensin-II receptor blockers | 2 (7.1) | 4 (17.4) | 14 (38.9) | 8 (16.7) | 0.386 | 0.012 |
| β- Blockers | 8 (28.6) | 5 (21.7) | 11 (30.6) | 6 (12.5) | 0.044 | 0.193 |
| α- Blockers | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (22.2) | 7 (14.6) | 0.34 | 0.009 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 4 (14.3) | 8 (34.8) | 14 (38.9) | 6 (12.5) | 0.023 | 0.013 |
| Diuretics | 18 (64.3) | 16 (69.6) | 22 (61.1) | 22 (45.8) | 0.037 | 0.19 |
| Antiplatelet agents | 10 (35.7) | 9 (39.1) | 21 (58.3) | 9 (18.7) | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Oral anticoagulant therapy | 3 (10.7) | 4 (17.4) | 8 (22.2) | 4 (8.3) | 0.154 | 0.289 |
| Oral Antidiabetic agents | 8 (28.6) | 4 (17.4) | 8 (22.2) | 7 (14.6) | 0.243 | 0.498 |
| Insulin | 2 (7.1) | 4 (17.4) | 4 (11.1) | 0 (0) | 0.015 | 0.048 |
P1 for the comparison between successful and non-successful aging (Mann–Whitney test or Chi-squared test), and P2, for the comparison between successful aging and different degrees of non-successful aging (Kruskal–Wallis test or Chi-squared test). Successful aging was defined as good functional (Barthel Index > 90 points, and Lawton Index scores > 7 for women and >4 men) and cognitive status (MEC > 24 points), and no need for institutionalization. Non-successful aging was further categorized in having one (first degree), two (second degree), or three scores (third degree) below good functional and/or cognitive status (Barthel Index ≤ 90 points, Lawton Index scores ≤ 7 for women and ≤4 men, and/or MEC ≤ 24 points). Glomerular filtration was calculated with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula (MDRD). BMI indicates body mass index; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; MNA, mini-nutritional assessment; MEC, Spanish version of the Mini-Mental State Examination; CVD, cardiovascular disease; and ACE, angiotensin-converting-enzyme.